τῆς ἀνάγκης

ἀξίως adv. fr. ἄξιος (Soph., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; ApcEsdr 2:20 p. 26, 12 Tdf.; EpArist 32:39; Just.; Tat. 7, 2) worthily, in a manner worthy of, suitably w. gen. in ref. to a deity or person τοῦ θεοῦ (Hyperid. 3:25 τῆς θεοῦ; Just., A I, 15, 5, D. 58, 2) 1 Th 2:12; 3J 6; cp. Pol 5:2; 1 Cl 21:1. τοῦ κυρίου Col 1:10 (on these formulas, which have many counterparts in ins relating to publicspirited pers., s. Dssm. NB 75f [BS 248f]; Nägeli 54; Thieme 21; their use in connection with ordinary Christians suggests an extraordinary status in the new order). τῶν ἁγίων Ro 16:2. ὑπηρετῶν Dg 11:1. W. gen. of thing (Diod S 1, 51, 7 τῆς ἀληθείας ἀ.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 36 §146 ἀ. τῆς ἀνάγκης=in a manner corresponding to the necessity; Wsd 7:15) τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Phil 1:27. τῆς κλήσεως Eph 4:1. τῆς ἐντολῆς Pol 5:1. Without such a gen. ἀγαπᾶν τινα ἀ. love someone in a suitable manner (=‘as the pers. deserves’; cp. Thu. 3, 40, 8 κολάσατε ἀξίως τούτους. Wsd 16:1; Sir 14:11; Tat. 7, 2) MPol 17:3.—M-M. s.v. ἄξιος.

πικρός, ά, όν, poet. also ός, όν Od.4.406:—prop.

A pointed, sharp, keen,

ὀϊστός Il.4.118

, al.;

βέλεμνα 22.206

;

γλωχίς S.Tr. 681

: metaph.,

γλώσσης πικροῖς κέντροισι E.HF 1288

.

II generally, sharp to the sense:

1 of taste, pungent,

ῥίζα Il.11.846

;

ἅλμη Od.5.323

; δάκρυον (v.l. for πυκνόν) 4.153; of salt water, opp. γλυκύς, Hdt.4.52, cf. 7.35; ἁλμυρὸς καὶ π. Pl.Lg. 705a; πριγλία π. PCair.Zen.82.8 (iii B.C.);

ἀπ' ὄμφακος πικρᾶς A.Ag. 970

; ὑγρότης π., opp. ὀξεῖα, Meno Iatr.5.13; also of smell, pungent, Od.4.406;

πικρὸν ὀδωδώς Alciphr. 3.59

. (This sense prevails in the derived and compd. words.)

2 of feeling, sharp, keen,

ὠδῖνες Il.11.271

, S.Tr.41.

3 of sound, piercing, shrill,

οἰμωγά Id.Ph. 189

(lyr.);

φθόγγος Id.OC 1610

; γόοι, ὄδυρμα, E.Ph. 883, Tr. 1227 (lyr.);

πικροτάτη ὄψ Ar. Pax 805

(lyr.).

III metaph.,

1 of things, bitter, esp. of what yields pain instead of expected pleasure, freq. in threats, μὴ τάχα πικρὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ Κύπρον ἵκηαι (v.l. ἴδηαι) Od.17.448, cf. Ar.Av. 1045, Th. 883 (lyr.), E.Med. 399, IA 955, Ba. 357, Cyc. 589;

π. Σίγειον κατηγόμην S.Ph. 355

;

τὸ πὰρ δίκαν γλυκὺ πικροτάτα μένει τελευτά Pi.I.7(6).48

, cf. A.Ag. 745 (lyr.) ; τιμωρία, ἀγῶνες, Id.Pers. 473, S.Aj. 1239 ; δύαι, χεῖμα, A.Pr. 180 (lyr.), Ag. 198 (lyr.) ;

πικρότερ' ἀχέων Id.Supp. 875

(lyr.);

λόγοι E.Hel. 481

;

πικροτάτου χρυσοῦ φύλαξ Id.Hec. 772

;

τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον γλυκὺ πικρῷ μεμειγμένον Pl.Phlb. 46c

;

ἔχει τι τὸ π. τῆς γεωργίας γλυκύ Men.795

: c. inf.,

μὴ λίαν πικρὸν εἰπεῖν ᾖ D.1.26

.

2 so of persons, prob. in Sapph.Supp.4.1 ([comp] Comp.) ;

γλυκὺν ὧδε φίλοις ἐχθροῖσι δὲ π. Sol.13.5

, cf. Thgn.301, A.Ch. 234, Eu. 152 (lyr.), etc. ;

ἔς τινας Hdt.1.123

: abs., A.Pr. 739, Th940(lyr.); π. θεοῖς hateful to them, S.Ph. 254;

π. πολίταις E.Med. 224

, cf. Supp. 1222 ; ἐμοὶ π. τέθνηκεν ἢ κείνοις γλυκύς his death is matter of sorrow to me, S.Aj. 966 ; δαίμων π., of untimely death (Lat. acerbus), IG3.1338.

3 embittered, angry,

πικρὰ ὄρνις S.Ant. 423

.

4 relentless,

οὐδὲν πικρότερον τῆς ἀνάγκης Antipho 2.2.4

; spiteful, mean, vindictive,

βάσκανον καὶ πικρὸν καὶ κακόηθες οὐδέν ἐστι πολίτευμα ἐμόν D.18.108

;

π. καὶ συκοφάντης Id.25.45

, cf. Arist.Rh. 1368b21, EN 1126a19 : in Com. of old men,

σκυθρός, π., φειδωλός Men.10

, cf. 825, 843, Georg.Fr.3. Adv. - ρῶς pedantically, D.H.Lys.6; with rigid accuracy, Apollon.Cit.3, Plu.2.659f.

IV Adv. - ρῶς harshly, bitterly, vindictively, A.Pr. 197, S.OC 990 ;

π. ἐξετάσαι D.2.27

, 18.265 ; π. ἔχειν τισί, πρός τινας, Id.10.54, Ep.3.10 ;

π. φέρειν τι E. Ion 610

, cf. Andr. 190;

ἔκλαυσε π. Ev.Matt.26.75

: [comp] Comp.

- ότερον Men.Mon. 659

, etc.: [comp] Sup.

- ότατα Plb.1.72.3

. [[pron. full] ῑ in Hom. and [dialect] Ep.; [pron. full] ῐ freq. in Trag., as A.Pers. 473, Ag. 970, S.Aj. 500, E. Hec. 772, and in Theoc.8.74 : ι therefore is not long by nature as in μικρός.]

συγγνώμων, ον, gen. ονος: (

A

συγγιγνώσκω 1

):— agreeing with, Pl.Lg. 770c;

σφίσι App.BC2.122

; τῆς ἀνάγκης about.., Plu.Cleom.10; sharing knowledge with, ἀλλήλοισι cj. in Hp.Vict.1.6 (Vorsokr.i p.106).

II ( συγγιγνώσκω IV) disposed to pardon or forgive, indulgent, E.Fr. 645, cf. Pl.Lg. 921a, Arist.EN 1143a19; σ. εἶναί τινι to be indulgent, show favour to a person, X.Mem.2.2.14; σ. εἶναί τινος to be disposed to forgive a thing, E.Med. 870, cf. X.Cyr.6.1.37;

σ. τινί τινος D.H.1.58

; ξυγγνώμονες ἔστε [ τισι] κολάζεσθαι, τῆς τιμωρίας τυγχάνειν, allow them to.., Th.2.74; τὸ σύγγνωμον indulgence, Pl.Lg. 757e;

Ἀπόλλωνι καὶ Ἀσκληπιῷ συγγνώμοσιν IG42(1).432

(Epid., iv A.D.).

2 [voice] Pass., pardoned, deserving pardon or indulgence,

ξ. ἐστὶ τὸ ἀκούσιον Th.3.40

;

ξ. τι γίγνεσθαι πρὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Id.4.98

.

συνδῐώκω,

A chase away together, join in the chase, Th.1.135, 8.17, PEnteux.70.5 (iii B.C.), Plb.1.17.13, etc.:—[voice] Pass., to be constrained,

ὑπὸ τῆς ἀνάγκης Longin.43.5

; τοῦ πάθους τὸ συνδεδιωγμένον hurry, vehemence, Id.21.1; so τόνοι καὶ ῥυθμοὶ συνδεδ. Phld.Mus. p.22 K.;

συνδεδ. σφυγμός Herod.Med.

in Rh.Mus.58.99;

πόνοι συνδεδ. ὑπὸ τῆς πνιγὸς ἀμαυροῦνται Aret.SA1.7

.

II as law-term, join in the prosecution, Lex ap.D.43.57, etc.

ἐξαιρ-έω, [tense] fut. -ησω, later

A

ἐξελῶ D.H.7.56

, etc.: [tense] aor. 2 ἐξεῖλον, [dialect] Ep.and Lyr.

ἔξελον Il.16.56

, Pi.O.1.26; inf. ἐξελεῖν:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

ἐξαιρήσομαι A.Supp. 924

; later

ἐξελοῦμαι Alciphr. 1.9

: [tense] aor. 2 ἐξειλόμην, rarely 1

ἐξῃρησάμην Ar.Th. 761

(perh. interpol.):—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf. -ῄρημαι, [dialect] Ion.

- αραίρημαι Hdt.

:—take out,

ἔνθεν.. ἔξελε πέπλους Il.24.229

; ἐπείνιν καθαροῦ λέβητος ἔξελε Κλωθώ Pi.l.c.;

τὸ δέλτα τοῦ ὀνόματος Pl.Cra. 413e

; simply, take out, τὴν κοιλίην, τὴν νηδύν, Hdt.2.40 (tm.), 87;

πρὶν ἀνταράξας πῖαρ ἐξεῖλεν γάλα Sol.36.21

:—[voice] Pass.,

εἰ τὸ ἔαρ ἐκ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐξαραιρημένον εἴη Hdt.7.162

, cf. Pericl. ap. Arist.Rh. 1365a33.

2 [voice] Med., take out for oneself, φαρέτρης ἐξείλετο πικρὸν ὀϊστόν from his quiver, Il.8.323; ἐξελέσθαι τὰ μεγάλα ἱστία their large sails, X.HG1.1.13; ἐ. τὰ φορτία discharge their cargoes, Hdt.4.196;

τὰ ἀγώγιμα X.An.5.1.16

;

τὸν σῖτον ἐς [τὴν στοὰν] ἐξαιρεῖσθαι Th.8.90

: abs., Syngr. ap. D.35.13, etc.:—[voice] Pass., to be discharged, of a cargo, Hdt.3.6, D.34.8.

II take from a common stock, reserve,

κούρην, ἣν ἄρα μοι γέρας ἔξελον υἷες Ἀχαιῶν Il.16.56

;

Ἀλκινόῳ δ' αὐτὴν γέρας ἔξελον Od.7.10

, cf. Il.11.627;

βασιλέϊ τεμένεα ἐξελὼν καὶ ἱερωσύνας Hdt.4.161

;

Νίσῳ ἐ. χθόνα S.Fr.24.5

;

θεοῖσιν ἀκροθίνια E.Rh. 470

;

κλήρους τοῖς θεοῖς Th.3.50

:—[voice] Med., choose for oneself, carry off as booty,

τὴν ἐκ Αυρνησσοῦ ἐξείλετο Il.2.690

, cf.9.130; choose,

μενοεικέα Od.14.232

;

μίαν ἕκαστος σιτοποιὸν ἐ. Hdt.3.150

, cf. X.An.2.5.20;

ταύτας ἐξείλεθ' αὑτῷ κτῆμα S.Tr. 245

; δῶρον.. πόλεος ἐξελέσθαι to have accepted as a gift, Id.OC 541 (lyr.):—[voice] Pass., to be given as a special honour, τινί to one, Th.3.114; ἐξαραιρημένος Ποσειδέωνι dedicated to him, Hdt.1.148;

γέρεα.. σφι ἦν τάδε ἐξαραιρημένα Id.2.168

; ἐ. αὐτοῖς set apart for them, Pl.Criti. 117c;

τὰ τεμένη τὰ ἐξῃρημένα IG12.45.10

; of funds, to be set apart, ear-marked, SIG577.64 (Milet., iii/ii B. C.); but τοῦ ἀργυρίου τοῦ ἐκ τοῦ λιθοτομείου ἐξαιρουμένου moneys received from.., IG22.47.

2 take out of a number, except,

μητέρας ἐξελόντες Hdt.3.150

;

Σιμμίαν ἐξαιρῶ λόγου Pl.Phdr. 242b

, cf. X.Mem.1.4.15.

III remove people from their country, Hdt.2.30;

τοὺς ἐν τῇ λίμνῃ κατοικημένους Id.5.16

; στρουθούς (sc. ἐκ τοῦ νηοῦ) Id.1.159: generally, remove,

τὸν λίθον Id.2.125

;

ἐκ τοῦ λυχνούχου τὸν λύχνον Alex.102

;

πατρὸς φόβον E.Ph. 991

, cf. Isoc.2.23; ὀδυρμούς, ἄγνοιαν, ἔρωτα, Pl.R. 387d, Lg. 771e, Smp. 186d;

ἀλλήλων τὴν ἀπιστίαν X.An.2.5.4

:—[voice] Med.,

νεῖκος E.Med. 904

; ὑμῶν ἐ. τὴν διαβολὴν.. ταύτην remove this prejudice from your minds, Pl.Ap. 19a, cf. 24a.

2 get rid of,

[ὗν] ἐκ τῆς χώρας Hdt.1.36

;

θῆρας χθονός E.Hipp.18

; make away with, παῖδας, θῆρα, Id.HF39, 154;

Ἀθηναίους X.HG2.2.19

.

b destroy,

πόλιν Hdt.1.103

, al., cf. Th.3.113, 4.69, D.18.30;

χωρία Id.23.115

;

οἰκίδιον Men.Pk. 199

, cf. 278;

φρούριον D.H.8.86

.

c annul, bring to naught,

θέσφατα S.OT 908

(lyr.), cf. D.23.36.

3 [voice] Med., ψυχήν, θυμόν, φρένας ἐξελέσθαι, either c. acc. pers., bereave a person of life, etc., as

μιν ἐξείλετο θυμόν Il.15.460

, 17.678 (so in Trag., E.Alc. 69, IA 972): or c. gen. pers., as

μευ φρένας ἐξέλετο Ζεύς Il.19.137

, cf. Hes.Sc.89;

σεῦ ψυχὴν χαλκῷ Il.24.754

;

μου τέρψιν ἐξείλου βίου E.Alc. 347

, etc.: rarely, c. dat. pers.,

Γλαύκῳ φρένας ἐξέλετο Ζεύς Il.6.234

; [

οἰωνοῖς] τέκνα Od.16.218

: in tmesi,

ἐκ δέος εἵλετο γυίων 6.140

;

ἐκ θυμὸν ἕλοιο 20.62

, cf.Il.11.381:—[voice] Med., take away from one,

τὰ φίλτατα S.El. 1208

:—[voice] Pass., ἐξαιρεθέντες τὸν Δημοκήδεα having had him taken out of their hands, Hdt.3.137;

τὸ ἐπιθυμοῦν τοῦ πλοῦ οὐκ ἐξῃρέθησαν Th.6.24

, cf. Pl.Grg. 519d, etc.

4 [voice] Pass., to be removed from, i.e. transcend,

τοῦ τῶν ὄντων πλήθους Procl. in Prm.p.546

S.; ἑνάδες ἐξῃρημέναι transcendent, ib.p.547 S., cf. Dam.Pr.7; τὸ μᾶλλον -μένον μᾶλλον καὶ χωρεῖ διὰ τῶν ἄλλων ib. 325. Adv. ἐξῃρημένως transcendently, ib. 270; ultimately, opp. προσεχῶς, Phlp.in de An.270.14.

IV [voice] Med., set free, deliver,

τινά A.Supp. 924

, Ar. Pax 316; ἐκ τῶν κινδύνων τινά Decr. ap. D.18.90;

ἐκ τῆς ἀνάγκης PPetr.3p.74

;

ἐκ τῶν θλίψεων Act.Ap.7.10

; ἐξαιρεῖσθαι εἰς ἐλευθερίαν claim as a freeman, Lys.23.9, D.8.42, 10.14.

2 bring to an end, accomplish, πᾶν γὰρ ἐξαιρεῖ

λόγος E.Ph. 516

.—Freq. confounded with ἐξαίρω.

ἐμβριθ-ής, ές, ([etym.] βρίθω)

A weighty, of ropes, Hdt.7.36;

ἐ. καὶ βαρύ Pl. Phd. 81c

;

- εστ έραν ποιεῖ τὴν πληγήν Arist.PA 690a19

.

2 metaph., weighty, grave, dignified,

ἦθος Pl.Ep. 328b

;

φρόνημα δημαγωγίας -έστερον Plu.Per.4

;

φύσις Id.Brut.1

; τὸ ἐ. dignity, D.H.Amm.2.2;

ἐ. καὶ στερρὸς τὰ ἤθεα Hp.Ep.11

; σενὸς καὶ ἐ. Jul.Or.2.88a; οἱ -έστεροι the more sedate, opp. οἱ ὀξεῖς, Pl.Tht. 144b.

3 weighty, cogent,

τεκμήριον Phld.Rh.1.46

S.; διάνοια ib.2.209 S. ([comp] Comp.). Adv. - θῶς, opp. εὐτελῶς καὶ ἐλαφρῶς, Id.Po.5.4.

4 in bad sense, heavy, grievous, Parm.8.59;

κακόν A.Pers. 693

;

τῆς ἀνάγκης οὐδὲν -έστερον S.Fr. 757

; difficult, Pl.Cra. 407a ([comp] Comp.); burdensome,

φυλακή SIG731.8

([comp] Comp., Tomi, i B. C.); of persons, vehement, Hdn.3.11.1.

II Adv. - θῶς with severity, D.C.69.6; violently, Hdn.4.3.3: [comp] Comp. - έστερον φέρειν to bear with greater constancy, Pl.Phdr. 252c.

ἐξαιρέω fut. ἐξελῶ LXX (s. B-D-F §74, 3); 2 aor. ἐξεῖλον, impv. ἔξελε. Mid.: fut. ἐξελοῦμαι; 2 aor. ἐξειλάμην (-όμην v.l.; s. αἱρέω), inf. ἐξελέσθαι Ac 7:34 (=Ex 3:8; s. B-D-F §81, 3); pf. 2 sg. ἐξῄρησαι Ezk 33:9. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 sg. ἐξαιρεθήσεται Eccl 7:26, 3 pl. ἐξαιρεθήσονται Job 5:5 cod. A ; pf. ptc. ἐξῃρημένης (Ath., R. 75, 29), inf. ἐξῃρῆσθαι (Ath., R. 77, 28) (Hom.+).

① to remove someth. from its place, take out, tear out, act., τὶ someth. an eye (Heliod. 2, 16, 1 τ. ὀφθαλμὸν ἐξεῖλε τὸν δεξιόν; Heraclid., Pol. 30; Phalaris, Ep. 147, 3; Plut., Mor. 373e) Mt 5:29; 18:9 (cp. Just. A I, 15, 1 ἔκκκοψον; on the topic Jos., Ant. 6, 71). τί τινος someth. fr. someone B 6:14.

② to deliver someone from peril or confining circumstance, set free, deliver, rescue, mid. (Aeschyl., Suppl. 924; Polyb. 1, 11, 11; LXX), τινά someone Ac 7:34; 23:27; 1 Cl 52:3 (Ps 49:15). τινὰ ἔκ τινος someone fr. someth. (Demosth. 18, 90; PPetr III, 36 [a] recto, 21 ἐξελοῦ με ἐκ τῆς ἀνάγκης; Wsd 10:1; Sir 29:12; Bar 4:18, 21 al.) Ac 7:10; 12:11 (ἐκ χειρός Ex 18:4 and oft. in OT, but also Aeschin. 3, 256; see on ἐκ 1a); Gal 1:4; 1 Cl 56:8 (Job 5:19). Abs. 1 Cl 39:9 (Job 5:4).—Ac 26:17 is also prob. to be rendered deliver, save (w. HHoltzmann, Wendt, Preuschen, Zahn, Steinmann, Eng. trs., against Overbeck, Knopf, Beyer who render ‘select, choose out [for oneself]’ as Od. 14, 232; Hdt. 3, 150; LXX) τινὰ ἔκ τινος (cp. X., An. 2, 5, 20).—M-M. TW. Spicq.

ἀνάγκη, [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. [full] ἀναγκαίη, ἡ,

A force, constraint, necessity,

κρατερὴ δ' ἐπικείσετ' ἀ. Il.6.458

; ἀναγκαίη γὰρ ἐπείγει ib.85;

ἀναγκαίῃ πολεμίζειν 4.300

;

τίς τοι ἀνάγκη πτώσσειν; 5.633

; οἷσιν ἀ. (sc. φυλάσσειν) 10.418, al.: but in Hom. usu. in dat. as Adv., ἀνάγκῃ perforce, of necessity,

ἀείδειν Od.1.154

;

φεύγειν Il.11.150

: in act. sense, forcibly, by force, ἴσχειν, ἄγειν, Od.4.557, 22.353;

μνήσασθαι 7.217

: strengthd. by καί, 10.434;

ὑπ' ἀνάγκης 19.156

; opp. ἑκόντες, Pl.Phdr. 231a;

ὑπ' ἀναγκαίης Hdt.7.172

, al.;

ἐξ ἀνάγκης S.Ph.73

, Th.3.40, etc.;

δι' ἀνάγκης Pl.Ti. 47e

;

σὺν ἀνάγκᾳ Pi.P.1.51

;

πρὸς ἀνάγκαν A.Pers. 569

codd. (lyr.), cf. Epict.Ench.29.2;

κατ' ἀνάγκην X.Cyr.4.3.7

: ἀνάγκη ἐστί, c. inf., it must be that.., is necessary that.., cf. Il. supr. cit.;

πᾶσα ἀ. ἐστὶ ὗσαι Hdt.2.22

; τρέφειν τοὺς τοκέας τοῖσι μὲν παισὶν οὐδεμία ἀ., τῇσι δὲ θυγατράσι πᾶσα ἀ. ib.35: c. dat. pers.,

ἀ. μοι σχεθεῖν A.Pr.16

, cf. Pers. 293:—in Trag. freq. in answers and arguments, πολλή γ' ἀνάγκη, πολλή' στ' ἀνάγκη, or πολλή μ' ἀνάγκη, with which an inf. may always be supplied, E.Med. 1013, Hec. 396, S.Tr. 295; so

πᾶσ' ἀνάγκη El. 1497

, cf. Pl.R. 441d; ἀνάγκη μεγάλη [ἐστί] ib. 485e, Is.3.6, D.28.9;

ἐν ἀνάγκῃ ἐστί Lys.6.8

: later ἀνάγκην ἔχω, c. inf., Ev.Luc. 14.18.

2 necessity in the philosophical sense, Arist.APo. 94b37, Metaph. 1026b28, Ph. 199b34; logical necessity, Metaph. 1064b33: in pl., laws of nature,

τίσιν ἀνάγκαις ἕκαστα γίγνεται τῶν οὐρανίων X. Mem.1.1.11

, cf. Hp.Aër.21.

b natural need,

γαστρὸς ἀνάγκαις A.Ag. 726

, cf. Ar.Nu. 1075, X.Cyn.7.1;

ὑπ' ἀ. τῆς ἐμφύτου Pl.R. 458d

; ἐρωτικαῖς ἀ. ib., etc.

c ἡ ἀ. τοῦ τόπου the lie of the ground as a necessary condition, PLille4.14.

d ἀνάγκη δαιμόνων, αἱ ἐκ θεῶν ἀνάγκαι, fate, destiny, E.Ph. 1000, 1763: freq. personified in Poets, Parm.8.30, Emp.116, A.Pr. 105, S.Fr. 256;

Ἀνάγκᾳ δ' οὐδὲ θεοὶ μάχονται Simon.5.21

.

3 compulsion exerted by a superior, ἀ. προστιθέναι, ἐπιτιθέναι, X.Hier.9.4, Lac.10.7.

b violence, punishment, esp. of torture, mostly pl.,

ἐς ἀνάγκας ἄγεσθαι Hdt.1.116

, cf. Antipho 6.25, Herod.5.5;

προσάγειν τινὶ τὰς ἀνάγκας Th.1.99

; τὰ πρὸς ἀνάγκας ὄργανα instruments of torture, Plb.15.28.2: later in sg.,

ἡ ἀ. τῶν βασάνων Plu.2.305e

;

πρὸς ἀνάγκην

under torture,

Id.Publ.17

: metaph., Hp. de Arte13; δολοποιὸς ἀ., i. e. the stratagem of Nessus, S.Tr. 832;

βρόχων πλεκταῖς ἀνάγκαις Xenarch.1.9

.

c duress, 'force majeure',

ὅρκους οὓς ποιέονται ἐν ἀνάγκῃ ὄντες Democr.239

; stress of circumstances,

ἀκούσιοι ἀ. Th.3.82

.

d treatment by mechanical force,

τῶν ἀναγκῶν τινὰ προσφέρειν Hp.Fract.15

, cf. Art.73.

4 bodily pain, anguish,

κατ' ἀνάγκην ἕρπειν

painfully,

S.Ph. 206

(lyr.); ὑπ' ἀνάγκης βοᾶν ib. 215;

ὠδίνων ἀνάγκαι E.Ba.89

(lyr.): generally, distress,

ἐν ἀνάγκαις γλυκὺ γίνεται καὶ τὸ σκληρόν Simon.226

; freq. in LXX, Jb.15.24, al.;

ἡ ἐνεστῶσα ἀ. 1 Ep.Cor.7.26

: esp. in pl., IG12 (7).386.23 (Amorgos, iii B. C.), D.S.4.43, 2 Ep.Cor.6.4, etc.

II tie of blood, kindred, Lys.32.5.

III = ἡ δικαστικὴ κλεψύδρα, Hsch.

ἐκ, before vowels ἐξ, prep. w. gen. (Hom.+; s. lit. s.v. ἀνά and εἰς beg.)

① marker denoting separation, from, out of, away from

ⓐ w. the place or thing fr. which separation takes place. Hence esp. w. verbs of motion ἀναβαίνω, ἀναλύω, ἀνίστημι, ἐγείρομαι, εἰσέρχομαι, ἐκβάλλω, ἐκπορεύομαι, ἐξέρχομαι, ἔρχομαι, ἥκω, καταβαίνω, μεταβαίνω, ῥύομαι, συνάγω, φεύγω; s. these entries. καλεῖν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου Mt 2:15 (Hos 11:1); ἐκ σκότους 1 Pt 2:9. αἴρειν ἐκ τ. κόσμου J 17:15. ἐξαλείφειν ἐκ τῆς βίβλου Rv 3:5 (Ex 32:32f; Ps 68:29). ἀποκυλίειν τ. λίθον ἐκ τ. θύρας Mk 16:3; cp. J 20:1; Rv 6:14; σῴζειν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγ. Jd 5; διασῴζειν ἐκ τ. θαλάσσης Ac 28:4. παραγίνεσθαι ἐξ ὁδοῦ arrive on a journey (lit. from, i.e. interrupting a journey) Lk 11:6; fig. ἐπιστρέφειν ἐξ ὁδοῦ bring back fr. the way Js 5:20; cp. 2 Pt 2:21. ἐκ τῆς χειρός τινος (Hebraistically מִיַּד פּ׳, oft. LXX; s. B-D-F §217, 2; Rob. 649) from someone’s power ἐξέρχεσθαι J 10:39; ἁρπάζειν 10:28f (cp. Plut., Ages. 615 [34, 6] ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν τῶν Ἐπαμινώνδου τ. πόλιν ἐξαρπάσας; JosAs 12:8 ἅρπασόν με ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ ἐχθροῦ); ἐξαιρεῖσθαι Ac 12:11 (cp. Aeschin. 3, 256 ἐκ τ. χειρῶν ἐξελέσθαι τῶν Φιλίππου; Sir 4:9; Bar 4:18, 21 al.); ῥύεσθαι Lk 1:74; cp. vs. 71 (Ps 105:10; Wsd 2:18; JosAs 12:10); εἰρυσταί σε κύριος ἐκ χειρὸς ἀνόμου AcPlCor 1:8 (cp. ἐκ τούτων ἄπαντων PsSol 13:4).—After πίνειν, of the object fr. which one drinks (X., Cyr. 5, 3, 3): ἐκ τ. ποτηρίου Mt 26:27; Mk 14:23; 1 Cor 11:28; cp. 10:4; J 4:12. Sim. φαγεῖν ἐκ τ. θυσιαστηρίου Hb 13:10.

ⓑ w. a group or company fr. which separation or dissociation takes place (Hyperid. 6, 17 and Lucian, Cyn. 13 ἐξ ἀνθρώπων) ἐξολεθρεύειν ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ Ac 3:23 (Ex 30:33; Lev 23:29). συμβιβάζειν ἐκ τ. ὄχλου 19:33; ἐκλέγειν ἐκ τ. κόσμου J 15:19; cp. Mt 13:41, 47; Ac 1:24; 15:22; Ro 9:24. For ἐκ freq. ἐκ μέσου Mt 13:49; Ac 17:33; 23:10; 1 Cor 5:2; 2 Cor 6:17 (cp. Ex 31:14).—ἀνιστάναι τινὰ ἔκ τινων Ac 3:22 (Dt 18:15); ἐκ νεκρῶν 17:31. ἐγείρειν τινὰ ἐκ νεκρῶν J 12:1, 9, 17; Ac 3:15; 4:10; 13:30; Hb 11:19; AcPlCor 2:6; ἀνίστασθαι ἐκ νεκρῶν Ac 10:41; 17:3; ἀνάστασις ἐκ νεκρ. Lk 20:35; 1 Pt 1:3; cp. Ro 10:7. Also s. ἠρεμέω.

ⓒ of situations and circumstances out of which someone is brought, from: ἐξαγοράζειν ἔκ τινος redeem fr. someth. Gal 3:13; also λυτροῦν (cp. Sir 51:2) 1 Pt 1:18; σῴζειν ἔκ τινος save fr. someth. J 12:27; Hb 5:7; Js 5:20 (Od. 4, 753; MLetronne, Recueil des Inscr. 1842/8, 190; 198 σωθεὶς ἐκ; SIG 1130, 1f; UPZ 60:6f [s. διασῴζω]; PVat A, 7 [168 B.C.]=Witkowski 36, 7 διασεσῶσθαι ἐκ μεγάλων κινδύνων; Sir 51:11; EpJer 49; JosAs 4:8 ἐκ τοῦ … λιμοῦ); ἐξαιρεῖσθαι Ac 7:10 (cp. Wsd 10:1; Sir 29:12). τηρεῖν ἔκ τινος keep from someth. Rv 3:10; μεταβαίνειν ἔκ τινος εἴς τι J 5:24; 1J 3:14; μετανοεῖν ἔκ τινος repent and turn away fr. someth. Rv 2:21f; 9:20f; 16:11. ἀναπαύεσθαι ἐκ τ. κόπων rest fr. one’s labors 14:13. ἐγείρεσθαι ἐξ ὕπνου wake fr. sleep (Epict. 2, 20, 15; Sir 22:9; cp. ParJer 5:2 οὐκ ἐξυπνίσθη ἐκ τοῦ ὕπνου αὐτοῦ) Ro 13:11. ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν 11:15. ζῶντες ἐκ νεκρῶν people who have risen fr. death to life 6:13 (cp. Soph., Oed. R. 454; X., An. 7, 7, 28; Demosth. 18, 131 ἐλεύθερος ἐκ δούλου καὶ πλούσιος ἐκ πτωχοῦ γεγονώς; Palaeph. 3, 2). S. ἀνάστασις 2b.

ⓓ of pers. and things with whom a connection is severed or is to remain severed: τηρεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ keep them fr. the evil one J 17:15; cp. Ac 15:29. Pregnant constr.: ἀνανήφειν ἐκ τῆς τοῦ διαβόλου παγίδος 2 Ti 2:26. νικᾶν ἔκ τινος free oneself from … by victory Rv 15:2 (for possible Latinism s. reff. to Livy and Velleius Paterculus in OLD s.v. ‘victoria’; but s. also RCharles, ICC Rv II, 33). ἐλεύθερος ἐκ 1 Cor 9:19 (cp. Eur., Herc. Fur. 1010 ἐλευθεροῦντες ἐκ δρασμῶν πόδα ‘freeing our feet from flight’ [=we recovered from our flight]). καθαρός εἰμι ἐγὼ ἐξ αὐτῆς I practiced abstinence with her GJs 15:4.

② marker denoting the direction fr. which someth. comes, from καταβαίνειν ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους (Il. 13, 17; X., An. 7, 4, 12; Ex 19:14; 32:1 al.; JosAs 4:1 ἐκ τοῦ ὑπερῴου) Mt 17:9. θρὶξ ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς ὑμῶν οὐ μὴ ἀπόληται Lk 21:18. ἐκπίπτειν ἐκ τ. χειρῶν Ac 12:7. διδάσκειν ἐκ τοῦ πλοίου Lk 5:3. ἐκ τῆς βάτου χρηματισμοῦ διδομένου 1 Cl 17:5 (cp. Just., A I, 62:3). ἐκ τῆς πρύμνης ῥίψαντες τὰς ἀγκύρας Ac 27:29. κρέμασθαι ἔκ τινος (Hom. et al.; 1 Macc 1:61; 2 Macc 6:10; Jos., Ant. 14, 107) 28:4. ἐκ ῥιζῶν to (lit. from) its roots (Job 28:9; 31:12) Mk 11:20; B 12:9.—Since the Greek feeling concerning the relation betw. things in this case differed fr. ours, ἐκ could answer the question ‘where?’ (cp. Soph., Phil. 20; Synes., Ep. 131 p. 267a ἐκ τῆς ἑτέρας μερίδος=on the other side; BGU 975, 11; 15 [45 A.D.]; PGM 36, 239; LXX; JosAs 16:12 εἱστήκει … ἐξ εὐωνύμων; 22:7) ἐκ δεξιῶν at (on) the right (δεξιός 1b) Mt 20:21, 23; 22:44 (Ps 109:1); 25:33; Lk 1:11; Ac 2:25 (Ps 15:8), 34 (Ps 109:1); 7:55f; B 11:10. ἐξ ἐναντίας opposite Mk 15:39 (Hdt. 8, 6, 2; Thu. 4, 33, 1; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 461, 6; Sir 37:9; Wsd 4:20 al.); ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας the opponent (Sext. Emp., Adv. Phys. 1, 66 [=Adv. Math. 9, 66]; 2, 69 [=Adv. Math. 10, 69], Adv. Eth. 1, 25; Bias in Diog. L. 1, 84) Tit 2:8.—ἐκ τοῦ κατωτάτου ᾅδου … προσευχομένου Ἰωνᾶ AcPlCor 2:30.

③ marker denoting origin, cause, motive, reason, from, of

ⓐ in expr. which have to do w. begetting and birth from, of, by: ἐκ introduces the role of the male (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 9 ἐκ θεοῦ ἔστι; JosAs 21:8 συνέλαβεν Ἀσενὲθ ἐκ τοῦ Ἰωσήφ; Tat. 33, 3 συλλαμβάνουσιν ἐκ φθορέως; Ath. 22, 4 ἐκ τοῦ Κρόνου; SIG 1163, 3; 1169, 63; OGI 383, 3; 5 [I B.C.]) ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχειν ἔκ τινος Mt 1:18. κοίτην ἔχειν ἔκ τινος Ro 9:10; also of the female (SIG 1160, 3; PEleph 1, 9 [311/10 B.C.] τεκνοποιεῖσθαι ἐξ ἄλλης γυναικός; PFay 28, 9 γεννᾶσθαι ἐκ; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 14 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 1, 191; Ath. 20, 3 ἐξ ἧς παῖς Διόνυσος αὐτῷ) γεννᾶν τινα ἐκ beget someone by (a woman; s. γεννάω 1a) Mt 1:3, 5, etc. ἐκ Μαρίας ἐγεννῄθη AcPlCor 1:14; 2:5; γίνεσθαι ἐκ γυναικός (Jos., Ant. 11, 152; Ar. 9, 7) Gal 4:4; cp. vs. 22f.—γεννᾶσθαι ἐξ αἱμάτων κτλ. J 1:13; ἐκ τ. σαρκός 3:6; ἐκ πορνείας 8:41. ἐγείρειν τινὶ τέκνα ἐκ Mt 3:9; Lk 3:8. (τὶς) ἐκ καρποῦ τ. ὀσφύος αὐτοῦ Ac 2:30 (Ps 131:11). γεννᾶσθαι ἐκ τ. θεοῦ J 1:13; 1J 3:9; 4:7; 5:1, 4, 18 (Just., A I, 22, 2); ἐκ τ. πνεύματος J 3:6 (opp. ἐκ τ. σαρκός). εἶναι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ (Menand., Sam. 602 S. [257 Kö.]) J 8:47; 1J 4:4, 6; 5:19; opp. εἶναι ἐκ τ. διαβόλου J 8:44; 1J 3:8 (cp. OGI 90, 10 of Ptolemaeus Epiphanes ὑπάρχων θεὸς ἐκ θεοῦ κ. θεᾶς).

ⓑ to denote origin as to family, race, city, people, district, etc.: ἐκ Ναζαρέτ J 1:46. ἐκ πόλεως vs. 44. ἐξ οἴκου Lk 1:27; 2:4. ἐκ γένους (Jos., Ant. 11, 136) Phil 3:5; Ac 4:6. ἐκ φυλῆς (Jos., Ant. 6, 45; 49; PTebt I, 26, 15) Lk 2:36; Ac 13:21; 15:23; Ro 11:1. Ἑβρ. ἐξ Ἑβραίων a Hebrew, the son of Hebrews Phil 3:5 (Goodsp., Probs., 175f; on the connotation of ancestral ἀρετή Phil 3:5 cp. New Docs VII 233, no. 10, 5). ἐκ σπέρματός τινος J 7:42; Ro 1:3; 11:1. ἐξ ἐθνῶν Ac 15:23; cp. Gal 2:15. Cp. Lk 23:7; Ac 23:34. ἐκ τ. γῆς J 3:31. For this ἐκ τῶν κάτω J 8:23 (opp. ἐκ τ. ἄνω). ἐκ (τούτου) τ. κόσμου 15:19ab; 17:14; 1J 2:16; 4:5. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἢ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων Mt 21:25; Mk 11:30.—To express a part of the whole, subst.: οἱ ἐξ Ἰσραήλ the Israelites Ro 9:6. οἱ ἐξ ἐριθείας selfish, factious people 2:8. οἱ ἐκ νόμου partisans of the law 4:14; cp. vs. 16. οἱ ἐκ πίστεως those who have faith Gal 3:7, 9; cp. the sg. Ro 3:26; 4:16. οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς the circumcision party Ac 11:2; Ro 4:12; Gal 2:12. οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς Tit 1:10. For this οἱ ὄντες ἐκ περιτομῆς Col 4:11. οἱ ἐκ τ. συναγωγῆς members of the synagogue Ac 6:9. οἱ ἐκ τῶν Ἀριστοβούλου Ro 16:10f. οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας Phil 4:22 (s. Καῖσαρ and οἰκία 3). In these cases the idea of belonging, the partisan use, often completely overshadows that of origin; cp. Dg 6:3.

ⓒ to denote derivation (Maximus Tyr. 13, 3f φῶς ἐκ πυρός; Ath. 18:3 γένεσιν … ἐξ ὕδατος) καπνὸς ἐκ τ. δόξης τ. θεοῦ Rv 15:8 (cp. EpJer 20 καπνὸς ἐκ τ. οἰκίας). ἡ σωτηρία ἐκ τ. Ἰουδαίων ἐστίν J 4:22. εἶναι ἔκ τινος come, derive from someone or someth. (Jos., Ant. 7, 209) Mt 5:37; J 7:17, 22; 1J 2:16, 21; εἶναι is oft. to be supplied Ro 2:29; 11:36; 1 Cor 8:6 ( Plut., Mor. 1001c); 11:12; 2 Cor 4:7; Gal 5:8. ἔργα ἐκ τοῦ πατρός J 10:32. οἰκοδομὴ ἐκ θεοῦ 2 Cor 5:1; χάρισμα 1 Cor 7:7; δικαιοσύνη Phil 3:9. φωνὴ ἐκ τ. στόματος αὐτοῦ Ac 22:14. Here belongs the constr. w. ἐκ for the subj. gen., as in ἡ ἐξ ὑμῶν (v.l.) ἀγάπη 2 Cor 8:7; ὁ ἐξ ὑμῶν ζῆλος 9:2 v.l.; Rv 2:9 (cp. Vett. Val. 51, 16; CIG II 3459, 11 τῇ ἐξ ἑαυτῆς κοσμιότητι; pap. [Rossberg 14f]; 1 Macc 11:33 χάριν τῆς ἐξ αὐτῶν εὐνοίας; 2 Macc 6:26). ἐγένετο ζήτησις ἐκ τ. μαθητῶν Ἰωάννου there arose a discussion on the part of John’s disciples J 3:25 (Dionys. Hal. 8, 89, 4 ζήτησις πολλὴ ἐκ πάντων ἐγένετο; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 24 §91 σφαγή τις ἐκ τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἐγένετο).

ⓓ of the effective cause by, because of (cp. the ‘perfectivizing’ force of ἐκ and other prepositions in compounds, e.g. Mt 4:7; Mk 9:15. B-D-F §318, 5)

α. personal in nature, referring to originator (X., An. 1, 1, 6; Diod S 19, 1, 4 [saying of Solon]; Arrian, Anab. 3, 1, 2; 4, 13, 6 of an inspired woman κατεχομένη ἐκ τοῦ θείου; Achilles Tat. 5, 27, 2; SibOr 3, 395; Just.: A I, 12, 5 ἐκ δαιμόνων φαύλων … καὶ ταῦτα … ἐνεργεῖσθαι, also D. 18, 3; Nicetas Eugen. 7, 85 H. ἐκ θεῶν σεσωσμένη; Ps.-Clem., Hom. p. 7, 19 Lag. τὸν ἐκ θεοῦ σοι ἀποδιδόμενον μισθόν): ὠφελεῖσθαι ἔκ τινος Mt 15:5; Mk 7:11. ζημιοῦσθαι 2 Cor 7:9. λυπεῖσθαι 2:2. εὐχαριστεῖσθαι 1:11. ἀδικεῖσθαι Rv 2:11. ἐξ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐκ ἐλάλησα J 12:49 (cp. Soph., El. 344 οὐδὲν ἐξ σαυτῆς λέγεις).

β. impersonal in nature (Arrian, Anab. 3, 21, 10 ἀποθνῄσκειν ἐκ τ. τραυμάτων; 6, 25, 4; JosAs 29:8 ἐκ τοῦ τραύματος τοῦ λίθου; POxy 486, 32 τὰ ἐμὰ ἐκ τ. ἀναβάσεως τ. Νίλου ἀπολωλέναι): ἀποθανεῖν ἐκ τ. ὑδάτων Rv 8:11. πυροῦσθαι 3:18. σκοτοῦσθαι 9:2. φωτίζεσθαι 18:1. κεκοπιακὼς ἐκ τῆς ὁδοιπορίας J 4:6 (Aelian, VH 3, 23 ἐκ τοῦ πότου ἐκάθευδεν). ἔκαμον ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ GJs 15:1.

ⓔ of the reason which is a presupposition for someth.: by reason of, as a result of, because of (X., An. 2, 5, 5; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 42 §185 ἐκ προδοσίας; POxy 486, 28f ἐκ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς; Just., A I, 68, 3 ἐξ ἐπιστολῆς; numerous examples in Mayser II/2 p. 388; Philo, De Jos. 184 ἐκ διαβολῆς; Jos., Vi. 430; JosAs 11 παραλελυμένη … ἐκ τῆς πολλῆς ταπεινώσεως; Ar. 8, 6 ἐκ τούτων … τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων τῆς πλάνης; Just., A I, 4, 1 ἐκ τοῦ … ὀνόματος; also inf.: 33, 2 ἵνα … ἐκ τοῦ προειρῆσθαι πιστευθῇ 68, 3 al.): δικαιοῦσθαι ἔκ τινος Ro 4:2; Gal 2:16; 3:24; cp. Ro 3:20, 30 (cp. εἴ τις ἐκ γένους [δίκαι]ος=has the right of citizenship by descent [i.e. has the law on his side]: letter of MAurelius 34, ZPE 8, ’71, 170); οὐκ … ἡ ζωὴ αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτῷ he does not live because of his possessions Lk 12:15. ἐκ ταύτης τ. ἐργασίας Ac 19:25. ἐξ ἔργων λαβεῖν τὸ πνεῦμα Gal 3:2, 5; cp. Ro 11:6. ἐξ ἀναστάσεως λαβεῖν τ. νεκρούς Hb 11:35. ἐσταυρώθη ἐξ ἀσθενείας 2 Cor 13:4. τὸ ἐξ ὑμῶν as far as it depends on you Ro 12:18.—ἐκ τοῦ πόνου in anguish Rv 16:10; cp. vs. 11; 8:13.—ἐκ τούτου for this reason, therefore (SIG 1168, 47; 1169, 18; 44; 62f; BGU 423, 17=Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 480, 17) J 6:66; 19:12.

ⓕ Sim. ἐκ can introduce the means which one uses for a definite purpose, with, by means of (Polyaenus 3, 9, 62 ἐξ ἱμάντος=by means of a thong) ἐκ τοῦ μαμωνᾶ Lk 16:9 (X., An. 6, 4, 9; PTebt 5, 80 [118 B.C.] ἐκ τ. ἱερῶν προσόδων; ParJer 1:7 [of Jerusalem] ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν σου ἀφανισθήτω; Jos., Vi. 142 ἐκ τ. χρημάτων); cp. 8:3.

ⓖ of the source, fr. which someth. flows or comes:

α. λαλεῖν ἐκ τ. ἰδίων J 8:44. ἐκ τοῦ περισσεύματος τ. καρδίας Mt 12:34. τὰ ἐκ τ. ἱεροῦ the food from the temple 1 Cor 9:13. ἐκ τ. εὐαγγελίου ζῆν get one’s living by proclaiming the gospel vs. 14.

β. information, insight, etc. (X., An. 7, 7, 43 ἐκ τῶν ἔργων κατέμαθες; Just., A I, 28, 1 ἐκ τῶν ἡμετέρων συγγραμμάτων … μαθεῖν 34, 2 al.) κατηχεῖσθαι ἐκ Ro 2:18. ἀκούειν ἐκ J 12:34. γινώσκειν Mt 12:33; Lk 6:44; 1J 3:24; 4:6. ἐποπτεύειν 1 Pt 2:12. δεικνύναι Js 2:18 (cp. ἀποδεικνύναι Just., D. 33, 1).

γ. of the inner life, etc., fr. which someth. proceeds (since Il. 9, 486): ἐκ καρδίας Ro 6:17; 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. (cp. Theocr. 29, 4; M. Ant. 3, 3). ἐκ ψυχῆς Eph 6:6; Col 3:23 (X., An. 7, 7, 43, Oec. 10, 4; Jos., Ant. 17, 177; 1 Macc 8:27). ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας 1 Ti 1:5; 2 Ti 2:22; 1 Pt 1:22. ἐξ ὅλης τ. καρδίας σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τ. ψυχῆς σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τ. διανοίας σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τ. ἰσχύος σου Mk 12:30; cp. Lk 10:27 (Dt 6:5; cp. Wsd 8:21; 4 Macc 7:18; Epict. 2, 23, 42 ἐξ ὅλης ψυχῆς). ἐκ πίστεως Ro 14:23; cp. 2 Cor 2:17. Also of circumstances which accompany an action without necessarily being the source of it: γράφειν ἐκ πολλῆς θλίψεως write out of great affliction 2 Cor 2:4; Phil 1:17.

ⓗ of the material out of which someth. is made (Hdt. 1, 194; Pla., Rep. 10, 616c; OGI 194, 28 [42 B.C.] a statue ἐκ σκληροῦ λίθου; PMagd 42, 5 [221 B.C.]=PEnteux 83, 5; POxy 707, 28; PGM 13, 659; Wsd 15:8; 1 Macc 10:11; Jdth 1:2; En 99:13; JosAs 3:9; Just., A I, 59, 1) of, from στέφανος ἐξ ἀκανθῶν Mt 27:29; J 19:2; cp. 2:15; 9:6; Ro 9:21; 1 Cor 15:47; Rv 18:12; 21:21; perh. also 1 Cor 11:12 ἡ γυνὴ ἐκ τοῦ ἀνδρός.

ⓘ of the underlying rule or principle according to, in accordance with (Hdt., Pla. et al. [Kühner-G. I 461g], also OGI 48, 12 [III B.C.] ἐκ τ. νόμων; PEleph 1, 12 [312/11 B.C.] ἐκ δίκης; PPetr III, 26, 9 ἐκ κρίσεως; LXX, e.g. 1 Macc 8:30; Jos., Ant. 6, 296 ἐκ κυνικῆς ἀσκήσεως πεποιημένος τὸν βίον) ἐκ τ. λόγων Mt 12:37 (cp. Wsd 2:20). ἐκ τ. στόματός σου κρινῶ σε by what you have said Lk 19:22 (cp. Sus 61 Theod.; also X., Cyr. 2, 2, 21 ἐκ τ. ἔργων κρίνεσθαι). ἐκ τῶν γεγραμμένων on the basis of things written Rv 20:12. ἐκ τ. καλοῦντος Ro 9:12. ἐκ τ. ἔχειν in accordance w. your ability 2 Cor 8:11. ἐξ ἰσότητος on the basis of equality vs. 13.

④ marker used in periphrasis, from, of

ⓐ for the partitive gen. (B-D-F §164, 1 and 2; 169; Rob. 599; 1379).

α. after words denoting number εἷς, μία, ἕν (Hdt. 2, 46, 2 ἐκ τούτων εἷς; POxy 117, 14ff [II/III A.D.] δύο … ἐξ ὧν … ἓν ἐξ αὐτῶν; Tob 12:15 BA; Sir 32:1; Jos., Bell. 7, 47; JosAs 20:2 ἐκ τῶν παρθένων μία Just., D. 126, 4) Mt 10:29; 18:12; 22:35; 27:48; Mk 9:17 al.; εἷς τις J 11:49; δύο Mk 16:12; Lk 24:13; J 1:35; 21:2. πέντε Mt 25:2. πολλοί (1 Macc 5:26; 9:69) J 6:60, 66; 7:31; 11:19, 45. οἱ πλείονες 1 Cor 15:6. οὐδείς (Epict. 1, 29, 37; 1 Macc 5:54; 4 Macc 14:4; Ar. 13, 6; Just., D. 16, 2) J 7:19; 16:5. χιλιάδες ἐκ πάσης φυλῆς Rv 7:4.

β. after the indef. pron. (Plut., Galba 1065 [27, 2]; Herodian 5, 3, 9; 3 Macc 2:30; Jos., Vi. 279) Lk 11:15; J 6:64; 7:25, 44, 48; 9:16; 11:37, 46 al. Also after the interrog. pron. Mt 6:27; 21:31; Lk 11:5; 12:25; 14:28 al.

γ. the partitive w. ἐκ as subj. (2 Km 11:17) εἶπαν ἐκ τ. μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ J 16:17.—Rv 11:9. As obj., pl. Mt 23:34; Lk 11:49; 21:16; 2J 4 (cp. Sir 33:12; Jdth 7:18; 10:17 al.).

δ. used w. εἶναι belong to someone or someth. (Jos., Ant. 12, 399) καὶ σὺ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶ you also belong to them Mt 26:73; cp. Mk 14:69f; Lk 22:58; J 7:50; 10:26; Ac 21:8; cp. 2 Cl 18:1. οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τ. σώματος I do not belong to the body 1 Cor 12:15f; cp. 2 Cl 14:1.

ε. after verbs of supplying, receiving, consuming: ἐσθίειν ἔκ τινος (Tob 1:10; Sir 11:19; Jdth 12:2; JosAs 16:8) 1 Cor 9:7; 11:28; J 6:26, 50f; Rv 2:7. πίνειν Mt 26:29; Mk 14:25; J 4:13f; Rv 14:10; χορτάζειν ἔκ τινος gorge w. someth. 19:21 (s. ζ below); μετέχειν 1 Cor 10:17; λαμβάνειν (1 Esdr 6:31; Wsd 15:8) J 1:16; Rv 18:4; Hs 9, 24, 4. τὸ βρέφος … ἔλαβε μασθὸν ἐκ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ the child took its mother’s breast GJs 19:2; διδόναι (Tob 4:16; Ezk 16:17) Mt 25:8; 1J 4:13. διαδιδόναι (Tob 4:16 A) J 6:11.

ζ. after verbs of filling: ἐπληρώθη ἐκ τῆς ὀσμῆς was filled w. the fragrance J 12:3 cp. Rv 8:5. χορτασθῆναι ἔκ τινος to be satisfied to the full w. someth. Lk 15:16. γέμειν ἐξ ἁρπαγῆς be full of greed Mt 23:25.

ⓑ in periphrasis for the gen. of price or value for (Palaeph. 45; PFay 111, 16 [95/96 A.D.]; 119, 5 [c. 100 A.D.]; 131, 5; PLond II, 277, 9 p. 217 [23 A.D.]; BGU III, 916, 19 [I A.D.]; PAmh II, 133, 19 [II A.D.]; Jos., Ant. 14, 34; B-D-F §179) ἀγοράζειν τι ἔκ τινος Mt 27:7 (POxy 745, 2 [c. 1 A.D.] τ. οἶνον ἠγόρασας ἐκ δραχμῶν ἕξ; EpJer 24); cp. Ac 1:18; Mt 20:2.

⑤ marker denoting temporal sequence, from

ⓐ of the time when someth. begins from, from … on, for, etc. ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός from birth (Ps 21:11; 70:6; Is 49:1) Mt 19:12 al.; also ἐκ γενετῆς J 9:1 (since Il. 24, 535; Od. 18, 6; s. also γενετή). ἐκ νεότητος (since Il. 14, 86; Ps 70:5; Sir 7:23; Wsd 8:2; 1 Macc 2:66; JosAs 17:4) Mk 10:20; Lk 18:21. ἐξ ἱκανῶν χρόνων for a long time 23:8. ἐκ πολλῶν χρόνων a long time before 1 Cl 42:5 (cp. Epict. 2, 16, 17 ἐκ πολλοῦ χρόνου. Cp. ἐκ πολλοῦ Thu. 1, 68, 3; 2, 88, 2; ἐξ ὀλίγων ἡμερῶν Lysias, Epitaph. 1). ἐκ γενεῶν ἀρχαίων Ac 15:21 (cp. X., Hell. 6, 1, 4 ἐκ πάντων προγόνων). ἐκ τ. αἰῶνος since the world began J 9:32 (cp. ἐξ αἰῶνος Sext. Emp., Adv. Math. 9, 76; Diod S 4, 83, 3; Aelian, VH 6, 13; 12, 64; OGI 669, 61; Sir 1:4; 1 Esdr 2:17, 21; Jos., Bell. 5, 442). ἐξ ἐτῶν ὀκτώ for eight years Ac 9:33; cp. 24:10. ἐξ ἀρχῆς (PTebt 40, 20 [117 B.C.]; Sir 15:14; 39:32; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 225; Ath. 8, 1) J 6:64. ἐκ παιδιόθεν fr. childhood Mk 9:21 (s. παιδιόθεν. Just., A I, 15, 6 ἐκ παίδων. On the use of ἐκ w. an adv. cp. ἐκ τότε POxy 486 [II A.D.]; ἐκ πρωίθεν 1 Macc 10:80).

ⓑ of temporal sequence

α. ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας day after day 2 Pt 2:8; 2 Cl 11:2 (cp. Ps.-Eur., Rhes. 445; Henioch. Com. 5:13 K.; Theocr. 18, 35; Gen 39:10; Num 30:15; Sir 5:7; Esth 3:7; En 98:8; 103:10).

β. ἐκ δευτέρου for the second time, again, s. δεύτερος 2. ἐκ τρίτου Mt 26:44 (ParJer 7:8; cp. PHolm 1, 32 ἐκ τετάρτου).

⑥ various uses and units

ⓐ blending of constructions, cp. Rob. 599f: ἐκ for ἐν (Hdt., Thu. et al., s. Kühner-G. I 546f; LXX, e.g. Sus 26 Theod.; 1 Macc 11:41; 13:21; Jdth 15:5) ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ δώσει Lk 11:13. μὴ καταβάτω ἆραι τὰ ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας αὐτοῦ Mt 24:17. τὴν ἐκ Λαοδικείας (ἐπιστολὴν) ἵνα καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀναγνῶτε Col 4:16.

ⓑ like the OT use of מִן: ἔκρινεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ κρίμα ὑμῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς God has pronounced judgment for you against her Rv 18:20 (cp. Ps 118:84; Is 1:24; En 100:4; 104:3). ἐξεδίκησεν τὸ αἷμα τ. δούλων αὐτοῦ ἐκ χειρὸς αὐτῆς 19:2, cp. 6:10 (both 4 Km 9:7).

ⓒ adv. expressions (Just., A I, 2, 1 ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου ‘in every way’): ἐξ ἀνάγκης (ἀνάγκη 1). ἐκ συμφώνου by mutual consent (BGU 446, 13=Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 257, 13; CPR I, 11, 14 al. in pap; cp. Dssm., NB 82f [BS 225]) 1 Cor 7:5. ἐκ λύπης reluctantly 2 Cor 9:7. ἐκ περισσοῦ extremely (Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 64; Lucian, Pro Merc. Cond. 13; Da 3:22 Theod.; Galen, CMG V/10/2/2 p. 284, 17 [-ττ]) Mk 6:51; 1 Th 5:13 v.l.; ἐκ μέτρου by measure = sparingly J 3:34. ἐκ μέρους (Galen, CMG V/10/2/2 p. 83, 24) part by part = as far as the parts are concerned, individually 1 Cor 12:27 (distributive; cp. PHolm 1, 7 ἐκ δραχμῶν Ϛ´=6 dr. each); mostly in contrast to ‘complete’, only in part 13:9 (BGU 538, 35; 574, 10; 887, 6; 17 al. in pap; EpArist 102). ἐξ ὀνόματος individually, personally, by name IEph 20:2; IPol 4:2; 8:2.

ⓓ ἐκ … εἰς w. the same word repeated gives it special emphasis (Plut., Galba 1058 [14, 2] ἐκ προδοσίας εἰς προδοσίαν; Ps 83:8) ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν Ro 1:17.—2 Cor 2:16 (twice).—The result and goal are thus indicated Ro 11:36; 1 Cor 8:6; Col 1:16. AFridrichsen, ConNeot 12, ’48, 54.—DELG s.v. ἐξ. M-M.

ὥρα, ας, ἡ (Hom. [ὥρη]+; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 18:10; TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr, JosAs, ParJer, GrBar; ApcEsdr 3:4 p. 27, 9 Tdf.; ApcSed, ApcMos, EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Ar. 15:10; Just.; Tat. 20, 2).

① an undefined period of time in a day, time of day ὀψὲ ἤδη οὔσης τῆς ὥρας since it was already late in the day or since the hour was (already) late Mk 11:11 v.l.; cp. MPol 7:1b (s. ὀψέ 1 and 2; Demosth. 21, 84; Polyb. 3, 83, 7 ὀψὲ τῆς ὥρας). ὀψίας οὔσης τῆς ὥρας Mk 11:11 (ὄψιος 1). ὥρα πολλή late hour (Polyb. 5, 8, 3; Dionys. Hal. 2, 54; TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 24 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 8, 118) 6:35ab. ἡ ὥρα ἤδη παρῆλθεν Mt 14:15 (παρέρχομαι 2).—Mt 24:42 v.l., 44; Lk 12:39, 40; Rv 3:3; D 16:1. W. ἡμέρα day and time of day, hour (ApcEsdr 3:4 p. 27, 9 Tdf.) Mt 24:36, 50; 25:13; Mk 13:32; Lk 12:46.

② a period of time as division of a day, hour

ⓐ beside year, month, and day Rv 9:15; the twelfth part of a day (=period of daylight) οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας; J 11:9 (TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 24 [Stone p. 70]). μίαν ὥραν ἐποίησαν Mt 20:12 (s. ποιέω 6); cp. Lk 22:59; Ac 5:7; 19:34 (ἐπὶ ὥρας δύο CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, 167f; TestBenj 3:7, Judah 3, 4); MPol 7:3. συνεψήφισα τὰς ὥρας I counted the hours Hv 3, 1, 4. One ὥρα in this world corresponds to a ὥρα thirty days in length in the place of punishment Hs 6, 4, 4. μίαν ὥραν (not even) one hour Mt 26:40; Mk 14:37. Such passages help us to understand how ὥρα can acquire the sense

ⓑ a short period of time μιᾷ ὥρᾳ (cp. TestJob 7:12; ApcMos 25 [both ἐν]) in a single hour=in an extraordinarily short time Rv 18:10, 17, 19. μίαν ὥραν for a very short time 17:12. Likew. πρὸς ὥραν for a while, for a moment J 5:35; 2 Cor 7:8; Gal 2:5 (s. on this pass. KLake, Gal 2:3–5: Exp. 7th ser., 1, 1906, 236–45; CWatkins, Der Kampf des Pls um Galatien 1913; BBacon, JBL 42, 1923, 69–80); Phlm 15; MPol 11:2. πρὸς καιρὸν ὥρας 1 Th 2:17.

ⓒ as a temporal indicator, reckoned from the beginning of the day (6 hours or 6 A.M., our time) or the night (18 hours or 6 P.M.) (Plut. et al.; Appian, Mithrid. 19 §72 ἑβδόμης ὥρας=at the 7th hour or 1 P.M.; SIG 671A, 9 [162/160 B.C.] ὥρας δευτέρας; 736, 109 [92 B.C.] ἀπὸ τετάρτας ὥρας ἕως ἑβδόμας; Jos., Vi. 279 ἕκτη ὥ.; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 1 II, 21 [246 B.C.] περὶ ὀγδόην ὥραν; PTebt 15, 2 [II B.C.]; Sb 5252, 20 [I A.D.] ἀφʼ ὥρας ὀγδόης; EpArist 303 μέχρι μὲν ὥρας ἐνάτης) ἕως ὥρας δευτέρας until the second hour (=8 A.M.) Hs 9, 11, 7. ὥρα τρίτη nine o’clock (A.M.) Mk 15:25 (Goodsp., Probs. 68f); Ac 2:15 (τῆς ἡμέρας); περὶ τρίτην ὥραν about nine o’clock (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 45 §182 περὶ τρίτην ὥραν ἡμέρας) Mt 20:3; ἀπὸ τρίτης ὥρας τῆς νύκτος by nine o’clock at night (= 21 hours, or simply tonight) Ac 23:23 (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 11 [Stone p. 12] περὶ ὥραν τρίτην τῆς νυκτός; cp. ibid. B 6 p. 109, 27 [St. p. 66]; Jos., Bell. 6, 68; 79 ἀπὸ ἐνάτης ὥ. τῆς νυκτὸς εἰς ἑβδόμην τῆς ἡμέρας). ἀπὸ ὥρας ε´ (=πέμπτης) ἕως δεκάτης from eleven o’clock in the morning until four in the afternoon (= 16 hours) Ac 19:9 v.l. περὶ ὥραν πέμπτην (PTebt 15, 2 [114 B.C.]; POxy 1114, 24 περὶ ὥ. τρίτην) at eleven o’clock (A.M.) Hv 3, 1, 2. ὥρα ἕκτη twelve o’clock noon Mt 20:5; 27:45a; Mk 15:33a; Lk 23:44a; J 4:6 (ὥρα ὡς ἕκτη about noon; TestJos 8:1 ὥρα ὡσεὶ ἕκτη; ParJer 1:11 ἕκτην ὥραν τῆς νυκτός); 19:14 (ὥρα ὡς ἕκτη); Ac 10:9. ἐχθὲς ὥραν ἑβδόμην yesterday at one o’clock in the afternoon (= 13 hours) J 4:52b (on the use of the acc. to express a point of time s. Hdb. ad loc.; Soph., Lex. I 44; B-D-F §161, 3; Rob. 470). ὥρᾳ ὀγδόῃ at two o’clock in the afternoon (= 14 hours) MPol 21. ὥρα ἐνάτη three in the afternoon (= 15 hours) Mt 20:5; 27:45f; Mk 15:33b, 34; Lk 23:44b; Ac 3:1 (ἐπὶ τὴν ὥραν τῆς προσευχῆς τὴν ἐνάτην); 10:3 (ὡσεὶ περὶ ὥ. ἐνάτην τῆς ἡμέρας); ὥρας θ´ AcPl Ha 11, 3; περὶ ὥραν ἐνάτην GJs 2:4; GPt 6:22 (TestAbr B 12 p. 117, 2 [Stone p. 82] κατὰ τὴν ἐνάτην ὥραν). ὥρα ὡς δεκάτη about four in the afternoon (= 16 hours) J 1:39. ἑνδεκάτη ὥρα five o’clock in the afternoon (= 17 hours) Mt 20:(6, without ὥρα), 9. ἀπὸ τετάρτης ἡμέρας μέχρι ταύτης τῆς ὥρας ἤμην τὴν ἐνάτην προσευχόμενος four days ago, reckoned from (=at) this very hour, I was praying at three o’clock in the afternoon (= 15 hours) Ac 10:30 (echoing vs. 3, but inelegantly phrased; s. comm. on the textual problems). ἐπύθετο τὴν ὥραν ἐν ᾗ … he inquired at what time … J 4:52a; cp. vs. 53 (cp. Ael. Arist. 50, 56 K.=26 p. 519 D.: … τὴν ὥραν αἰσθάνομαι … ἐκείνην, ἐν ᾗ … ; 47, 56 K.=23 p. 459 D.: ἀφυπνιζόμην κ. εὗρον ἐκείνην τὴν ὥραν οὖσαν, ᾗπερ …). ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ὥρᾳ ἐμαρτύρησεν ὁ Πολύκαρπος the very day and hour that … EpilMosq 4.—Less definite are the indications of time in such expressions as ἄχρι τῆς ἄρτι ὥρας up to the present moment 1 Cor 4:11. πᾶσαν ὥραν hour after hour, every hour, constantly (Ex 18:22; Lev 16:2; JosAs 15:7; Ar. [Milne 76, 34]; cp. TestJob 10:1 πάσας ὥρας) 15:30. Also καθʼ ὥραν (Strabo 15, 1, 55; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 69) 2 Cl 12:1. αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ at that very time, at once, instantly (oft. pap, e.g. POxy 235, 7 [I A.D.]; Da 3:6, 15; TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 27 [Stone p. 80]; GrBar 14:1; 15:1; ApcMos 20) Lk 2:38; 24:33; Ac 16:18; 22:13.

③ a point of time as an occasion for an event, time (BGU 1816, 12 [I B.C.] πρὸ ὥρας=before the right time) ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ Mt 8:13; 10:19; 18:1 (v.l. ἡμέρᾳ); 26:55; Mk 13:11; Lk 7:21; Ac 16:33; Rv 11:13; MPol 7:2a; GJs 20:2 (only pap). Likew. ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ Lk 10:21; 12:12; 13:31; 20:19 (on both expressions s. JJeremias, ZNW 42, ’49, 214–17). ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης from that time on, at once Mt 9:22; 15:28; 17:18; J 19:27. ὥρα ἐν ᾗ J 5:28. ὥρα ὅτε 4:21, 23; 5:25; 16:25 (cp. ApcMos 17 περὶ ὥραν ὅταν). ὥρα ἵνα 16:2, 32. W. gen. of thing, the time for which has come (Diod S 13, 94, 1; Ael. Aristid. 51, 1 K.=27 p. 534 D.; PGM 1, 221 ἀνάγκης; JosAs 3:3 μεσημβρίας … καὶ ἀρίστου; ApcMos 42 [of Eve’s request] ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ τῆς τελευτῆς αὐτῆς; Jos., Ant. 7, 326 ὥ. ἀρίστου; SibOr 4, 56) ἡ ὥρα τοῦ θυμιάματος Lk 1:10; τοῦ δείπνου 14:17, cp. MPol 7:1a; τοῦ πειρασμοῦ Rv 3:10; τῆς κρίσεως 14:7; τῆς δοξολογίας αὐτοῦ GJs 13:1; τοῦ ἀσπασμοῦ 24:1; ἡ ὥρα αὐτῶν the time for them J 16:4; w. the gen. (of the Passover) to be supplied Lk 22:14. Also w. inf. (Hom. et al.; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 20, 1; Aelian, VH 1, 21) ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι the time to reap Rv 14:15 (cp. Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 31 Jac. θερινὴ ὥ.; Paus. 2, 35, 4 ὥ. θέρους). Also acc. w. inf. (Gen 29:7) ὥρα (ἐστιν) ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι Ro 13:11.—W. gen. of pers. the time of or for someone to do or to suffer someth. (cp. Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 168 σὸς νῦν ὁ καιρός ἐστιν, ἐπέγειρε σαυτόν) of a woman who is to give birth (cp. GrBar 3:5 ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν) ἡ ὥρα αὐτῆς J 16:21 (v.l. ἡμέρα, s. ἡμέρα 3, beg.).—Lk 22:53. Esp. of Jesus, of whose ὥρα J speaks, as the time of his death (Diod S 15, 87, 6: the dying Epaminondas says ὥρα ἐστὶ τελευτᾶν. Cp. MPol 8:1 τοῦ ἐξιέναι) and of the glorification which is inextricably bound up w. it ἡ ὥρα αὐτοῦ J 7:30; 8:20; 13:1 (foll. by ἵνα); cp. ἡ ὥρα μου 2:4 (s. Hdb. ad loc.). ἡ ὥρα ἵνα δοξασθῇ 12:23. ἡ ὥρα αὕτη 12:27ab. Also abs. ἐλήλυθεν ἡ ὥρα 17:1 (AGeorge, ‘L’heure’ de J 17, RB 61, ’54, 392–97); cp. Mt 26:45; Mk 14:35, 41.—ἐσχάτη ὥρα the last hour in the present age of the world’s existence 1J 2:18ab.—CCowling, Mark’s Use of ὥρα, Australian Biblical Review 5, ’56, 153–60. EBickermann, Chronology of the Ancient World ² ’80, 13–16.—B. 954 and esp. 1001. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

κατέχω, [tense] fut. καθέξω (of duration) Il.18.332, κατασχήσω (of momentary action) Hdt.5.72, Th.4.42: [tense] aor. κατέσχον, poet.

A

κατέσχεθον Hes.Th. 575

, S.El. 754; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg.

κάσχεθε Il.11.702

, [dialect] Aeol. κατέσκ [ εθε] Alc.Supp. la.12; imper.

κατάσχες E.Ba. 555

(lyr.), later

κατάσχε Philostr.Ep.38

(v.l.), PMag.Lond.97.404; late [tense] aor.

κατέσχα PGen. 54.22

(iv A.D.).

I trans., hold fast,

καλύπτρην χείρεσσι Hes.Th. 575

.

b hold back, withhold,

εἴ με βίῃ ἀέκοντα καθέξει Il.15.186

, cf. 11.702, Od.15.200;

ἐν κολεῷ ξίφος Pi.N.10.6

: check, restrain, bridle,

ἑωυτόν Hdt.6.129

, cf.Pl.Chrm. 162c, Men.Sam. 112; [ γυναῖκε] A.Pers. 190;

ἱππικὸν δρόμον S.El. 754

;

δάκρυ A.Ag. 204

(lyr.); ὀργήν, θυμόν, ὕβριν, etc., S.El. 1011, OC 874, E.Ba. 555 (lyr.), etc.;

δύνασιν S.Ant. 605

(lyr.);

τὴν διάνοιαν Th.1.130

; κ. τὴν ἀγωγήν put it off, Id.6.29; κ. τὸ πλῆθος ἐλευθέρως, ἰσχύϊ, Id.2.65, 3.62;

κ. τινὰ πολέμῳ Id.1.103

;

τὰ δάκρυα Pl.Phd. 117d

, al.;

τὸν γέλωτα X.Cyr.2.2.5

, Pl.La. 184a, Thphr.Char.2.4; οὖρον hold in, Gal.8.407 (but -όμενα [οὖρα] as a disease, Hp.Prorrh.1.59, cf. Gal.16.639); ἑαυτὸν κατέχει μὴ ἐπιπηδᾶν restrains himself from.., Pl.Phdr. 254a:—[voice] Pass., to be held down,

γλῶσσα κατείχετο Hp.Epid.5.50

;

ἐπιθυμίας -ομένας Pl.R. 554c

; to be bound,

ὁρκίοισι μεγάλοισι Hdt.1.29

;

ὑποσχέσει PAmh. 2.97.17

(ii A.D.);

τοῖς τινων ὀφειλήμασιν PRyl.117.13

(iii A.D.); of a nation, to be kept under (by tyrants), Hdt.1.59.

c detain,

κ. [αὐτοὺς] ἐνιαυτόν Id.6.128

, cf. 8.57, Th.8.100;

κ. [αὐτοὺς] ὥστε μὴ ἀπιέναι X. Mem.2.6.11

:—[voice] Pass., to be detained, stay, Hdt.8.117, S.Tr. 249;

περὶ Κρήτην Th.2.86

, etc.

d in imprecations, inhibit (cf. καταδέω (A) 111), Tab.Defix.Aud.50.11 (iv B.C.), PMag.Par.1.2077;

Μανῆν καταδῶ καὶ κατέχω Tab.Defix.109

.

e place under arrest, PFlor.61.60 (i A.D.), etc.

f keep an oath,

ὅρκον SIG526.39

(Itanos, iii B.C.).

2 c.gen., gain possession of, be master of,

τῶν ἐπιστημῶν μὴ πάνυ κ. Arist.Cat. 9a6

;

τῆς ὀργῆς Philem.185

codd. Stob.;

τῆς παραποταμίας βίᾳ κατέσχον D.S.12.82

, cf. Plb.14.1.9;

τῆς Ἀσίας ἐθνῶν App.Praef. 9

; control, τινων LXX 1 Ma.6.27; ἑαυτῶν Erot.s.v.

προπετής; μηκέτι κατέχων ἑαυτοῦ Hdn.1.15.1

, cf. 1.7.3; cling to,

τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου LXX 3 Ki.1.51

.

II possess, occupy, esp.of rulers, A.Th. 732 (lyr.), E.Hec.81 (anap.); σῴζειν ἅπερ ἃν ἅπαξ κατάσχωσι whatever they have got, Isoc.12.242; esp. of property. enjoy possession of, PTeb.5.47 (ii B.C.), etc. (but also, sequestrate, PLille3.16 ([voice] Pass., iii B.C.), etc.);

ὡς μηδὲν ἔχοντες καὶ πάντα κατέχοντες 2 Ep.Cor.6.10

.

b dwell in, occupy,

Ὀλύμπου αἴγλαν S.Ant. 609

(lyr.); esp. of tutelary gods, Παρνασίαν ὃς κ. πέτραν, of Dionysus, Ar.Nu. 603 (lyr.), cf. X.Cyr.2.1.1, SIG662.10 (Delos, ii B.C.), Luc.Alex.10; of a place,

μέσον ὀμφαλὸν γᾶς Φοίβου κ. δόμος E. Ion 223

(lyr.); of the dead. θήκας Ἰλιάδος γᾶς.. κατέχουσι occupy, A.Ag. 454 (lyr.), cf. S.Aj. 1167 (anap.).

2 of sound, fill,

οἱ δ' ἀλαλητῷ πᾶν πεδίον κατέχουσι Il. 16.79

; κ. στρατόπεδον δυσφημίαις fill it with his grievous cries, S. Ph.10;

οἰμωγὴ.. κατεῖχε πελαγίαν ἅλα A.Pers. 427

, cf. E.Hipp. 1133 (lyr.):—[voice] Pass.,

οἶκος κλαυθμῷ κατείχετο Hdt.1.111

.

3 πανδάκρυτον βιοτὰν κ. continue to live a life.., S.Ph. 690 (lyr.).

4 to be spread over, cover,

νὺξ.. δνοφερὴ κάτεχ' οὐρανόν Od.13.269

;

ἡμέρα πᾶσαν κατέσχε γαῖαν A.Pers. 387

, cf. Ar.Nu. 572 (lyr.); τίνες αὖ πόντον κατέχουσ' αὖραι; Cratin.138;

ὀσμὴ.. κατὰ πᾶν ἔχει δῶ Hermipp.82.9

:—[voice] Pass.,

σελήνη.. κατείχετο.. νεφέεσσιν Od.9.145

, cf. Il.17.368, 644:—[voice] Med., [dialect] Ep.[tense] aor.,

κατέσχετο χερσὶ πρόσωπα Od.19.361

; κατασχομένη ἑανῷ having covered her face, Il.3.419.

5 of the grave, confine, cover,

τοὺς δ' ἤδη κάτεχεν φυσίζοος αἶα 3.243

, cf. Od.11.301, Orac. ap. Hdt.1.67; as a threat, πάρος τινὰ γαῖα καθέξει sooner shall earth cover many a one, Il.16.629, cf. Od.13.427, etc.

6 of circumstances, etc., hold fast, have one in their power,

μιν κατὰ γῆρας ἔχει χεῖράς τε πόδας τε Od.11.497

; ὃν θάνατος δακρυόεις καθέχει (sic) IG12.987;

ἐχθρὰ Φάλαριν κ. φάτις Pi.P.1.96

;

τινὰ.. λάθα κ. Id.N.8.24

; [

φθορὰ] κ. τὸν σὸν δόμον S.OC 370

; τύχη, πόλεμος κ. τινά, Pl.Hp.Ma. 304c, Ep. 317a; κ. κίνδυνος Σικελίαν ib. 355d;

συνέβη λοιμώδη νόσον κατασχεῖν τὴν Ἰταλίαν Hdn.1.12.1

:—[voice] Pass.,

ὑπὸ μεγάλης ἀνάγκης κατεχόμενοι Pl. Lg. 858a

: rarely in good sense,

ὁ δ' ὄλβιος, ὃν φᾶμαι κατέχοντ' ἀγαθαί Pi.O.7.10

;

μεγάλαι κ. τύχαι γένος ὀρνίθων Ar.Av. 1726

(lyr.);

εὐμοιρίας -εχούσης τὸν βίον Hdn.2.5.1

.

b of circumstances, etc., prevail, prevail among, engage,

ἄλλα τῶν κατεχόντων πρηγμάτων χαλεπώτερα Hdt.6.40

, cf. 1.65; μεγάλοι θόρυβοι κατέχουσ' ἡμᾶς murmurs are rife among us, S.Aj. 142 (anap.); φήμης ἀθρόας -σχούσης τὸ Ἑλληνικόν a sudden rumour having overspread Greece, Philostr.VA8.15.

7 seize, occupy, in right of conquest, τὸ Καδμείων πέδον dub. in S.OC 381; esp. in histor. writers, -σχήσειν [τὴν ἀκρόπολιν] Hdt.5.72;

τὰ πρήγματα Id.3.143

;

τὰ ἐχυρά X.Cyr.3.1.27

;

τὰ κύκλῳ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἁρμοσταῖς D.18.96

;

φρουραῖς τὰς πόλεις Plu.2.177d

.

8 achieve, effect an object, Isoc.2.25;

πρᾶξιν Arist.Pol. 1312a33

.

9 master, understand,

οὐ κατέχω τί βούλει φράζειν Pl.Phlb. 26c

, cf. Men. 72d, Ceb.34;

περὶ φύσεως κ. πάντας τοὺς λόγους Sosip.1.17

, cf. 33; κ. νοῦν στίχων grasp the sense of.., Puchstein Epigr.Gr.p.9.

b keep in mind, remember,

χρήσιμον καὶ τοῦτο κατασχεῖν τὸ στοιχεῖον Epicur. Ep.1p.10U.

, cf. Thphr.Char.26.2, Men.Epit. 109; κ. τινὰ ὀψοφάγον Chrysipp.Tyan. ap. Ath.1.5e; κ. ὅτι, διότι, PCair.Zen.60.10 (iii B.C.), Phld.Herc.1251.15:—[voice] Pass., Epicur.Ep.1p.31U.

10 possess, of a god,

εἰ θεός ἐστιν ὁ σὰς κατέχων φρένας PLit.Lond.52.12

; τοιοῦτος ἔρως κατεῖχε τὴν ἄνθρωπον she was so infatuated, Plu.Alc.23; of an actor, κ. τὸ θέατρον held the audience spellbound, Plu.Dem.29 (but, kept the audience waiting, Phoc.19); of poets,

μύθοις [τοὺς ἀκούοντας] κ. Luc.JTr.39

(v.l. κατηχοῦσι):—mostly in [voice] Pass., of persons, to be possessed, inspired, Pl. Ion 533e; ἐξ Ὁμήρου ib. 536b;

ἐκ θεῶν X. Smp.1.10

;

κάρῳ Phld.D.1.18

; τὸ θέατρον κατείχετο the audience was spellbound, Eun.Hist.p.247 D.; of hydrophobia patients, Philum. Ven.4.11; of a lover, τῷ αὐτῷ θεῷ (sc. Ἔρωτι)

κατέσχημαι Luc. DMort.19.1

:—also in [tense] aor. [voice] Med., Pl.Phdr. 244e.

III follow close upon, press hard, X.Cyr.1.4.22 (dub.l.), Cyn.6.22:—[voice] Pass., ib. 9.20.

IV bring a ship to land, Hdt.6.101, 7.59, Plu.2.162a.

B intr.,

1 (sc. ἑαυτόν) control oneself, S.OT 782;

οὐκέτι καθέξω Men.Pk. 394

;

εἶπεν οὖν μὴ κατασχών Plu.Art.15

;

οὐ κατέσχεν App.BC3.43

: c. inf.,

κ. τὸ μὴ δακρύειν Pl.Phd. 117c

.

b stop, cease, of the wind, Ar. Pax 944 (lyr.).

2 come from the high sea to shore, put in (v. supr. IV),

νηΐ Θορικόνδε h.Cer. 126

;

τῆς Μαγνησίης χώρης ἐς τὸν αἰγιαλόν Hdt.7.188

, cf. 6.101, Plb.1.25.7, Plu. Thes.21; τίνες ποτ' ἐς γῆν τήνδε.. κατέσχετε; S.Ph. 221, cf. 270, E. Heracl.83 (lyr.), Antipho 5.21, etc.: c. acc. loci, E.Hel. 1206, Cyc. 223; of a journey by land, rest, προξένων δ' ἔν του κατέσχες; Id. Ion 551, cf. Plb.5.71.2: metaph., εὖ κατασχήσει shall come safe to land, S.El. 503 (lyr.).

3 prevail, ὁ λόγος κ. the report prevails, Th.1.10;

κληδὼν ἐν ἁπάσῃ τῇ πόλει κατεῖχεν And.1.130

;

σεισμῶν -εχόντων Th.3.89

;

ὁ βορέας κατεῖχεν Arist.Mete. 345a1

, cf. 360b33, Thphr.CP1.5.1.

4 gain the upper hand,

παρά τινι Thgn.262

; gain one's purpose, Lys.3.42;

ὁ δὲ κατεῖχε τῇ βοῇ Ar.Ec. 434

;

νομίζοντες ῥᾳδίως κατασχήσειν Arist.Pol. 1307b10

.

C [voice] Med., keep back for oneself, embezzle, [ τὰ χρήματα] Hdt.7.164.

2 cover oneself, v. supr. A.11.4.

3 hold, contain, Plb.9.26a.7.

II [tense] aor. [voice] Med., = κατέχω B. 2, Od.3.284.

2 in pass. sense, τεαῖς ῥιπαῖσι κατασχόμενος subdued, Pi.P.1.10; καρδίαν κατέσχετο ἔρωτι was seized with, possessed by, E.Hipp.27; v. supr.A. 11.10.

παρά-στᾰσις, εως, ἡ,

I ([etym.] παρίστημι) putting aside, removal, esp. relegation, banishment,

π. ἐπὶ τὰ τῆς χώρας ἔσχατα Pl.Lg. 855c

; ἀποδημητικὰς ποιεῖσθαι τὰς π. αὐτῶν, i.e. to ostracize them, Arist.Pol. 1308b19 ; παράστασις· φυγή, καὶ τὸ φυγαδεῦσαι παραστήσασθαι, Hsch.

2 display, exposure for sale, Arist.Pol. 1258b23.

3 generally, setting forth, exhibition, manifestation, εἰς τύπωσιν καὶ π. Phld.Rh.2.34 S. ; πρὸς παράστασίν τινος placing before one, representation, Arr.Epict.2.19.1, Corn. ND12, Sor.Vit.Hp. 12, cf. Porph.Antr.4, Procl. in Prm.p 504 S., Dam. Pr.46, 301 ;

κατὰ ἀπόφασιν ὧν οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐ κατὰ παράστασιν ὧν ἐστι προσηγόρευται Porph.Sent.19

.

b εἰς π. τινός in proof of, Gal.1.149.

4 placing beside, D.C.42.48.

5 production in court, etc.,

π. προσώπων POxy.1033.17

(iv A. D.).

6 ἡ π. τῶν δημοσίων the provision of public sacrificial victims, i. e. the revenues earmarked for that purpose, SIG562.68 (Paros, iii B. C.).

II ([etym.] παρίσταμαι) intr., being beside:

1 position or post near a king, X.Cyr.8.4.5.

2 arrival, visit,

στρατηγοῦ POxy. 2139

(ii/iii A. D.).

3 assistance, succour, JHS37.101 (Lydia, ii A. D.) ; manifestation of divinity, SIG695.12 (Magn. Mae., ii B. C.) ; αἱ τῶν εἰδώλων π. Placit.5.2.1.

4 proximity, presence, Dam. Pr. 145, 394 ; ἀνάγκης π. Phld.Acad.Ind.p.54 M.

5 room, space for standing, οὐχ ἕξει π. Ph.Bel.85.3, cf. D.S.20.91 : in pl., free spaces adjoining a line of wall, SIG1182.5,10( = 936 note, Ephesus, iii B.C.).

6 pomp, magnificence, LXX 1 Ma. 15.32.

7 mental excitement, ardour, exaltation,

μεγίστη π. εἶχέ τινας, ὡς δικαίως πράττοντας Plb.5.9.6

;

μετὰ παραστάσεως ἠσπάζετο Id.10.5.4

.

b desperate courage, ὁρμὴ καὶ π. Id.3.63.14 ;

μετὰ παραστάσεως ἠγωνίζοντο Id.16.33.2

;

ἡ ἐν ταῖς βασάνοις π. τῆς ψυχῆς D.S.10.17

, cf. J.BJ2.20.7.

c fury, desperation, τὸ λυποῦν ἤγαγ' ἐς π. Antiph.104, cf. Plb.8.21.4, 9.40.4 ;

ἡ π. τῆς διανοίας Id.3.84.9

.

d propensity, desire, ψυχῆς πονηρᾶς δυσσεβὴς π. Men.540.8 ; ἄλογος π. Epicur.Ep. 1p.30U. ;

π. πρός τινα Id.Fr. 138

;

π. ψυχῆς πρὸς ἐλευθερίαν D.S.33.16

; impulse, Plu.2.589a ; ἡ π. τῆς ψυχῆς, as gloss on λῆμα, Ps.-Hdn.Gr. post Moer.p.470 P.

III as law-term, money deposit, court fee on entering certain public suits, And.1.120, Is.3.47, Dem.Phal.Fr.7 J. ;

π., μία δραχμή Men.327

, cf. Com.Adesp.778, Harp. s.v.

ἔξωθεν adv. of place (s. prec. entry; Aeschyl., Hdt.+).

① pert. to derivation from a source that is outside, from outside

ⓐ used as adv. (Hierocles 7 p. 430 ἡ ἔ. βία=force from the outside; Judg 12:9; Jdth 13:1; Ath., R. 53, 8 τῆς ἔ. ἀνάγκης) τὸ ἔ. εἰσπορευόμενον what goes into (a person) fr. the outside Mk 7:18.

ⓑ funct. as prep. w. gen. (Trag., X. et al.) from outside ἔ. τ. ἀνθρώπου εἰσπορευόμενον εἰς αὐτόν Mk 7:15.

② pert. to a position that is beyond a particular area, outside

ⓐ (Dio Chrys. 17 [34], 21; 67 [17], 1; PFlor 50, 99; Ex 26:35 al.; Jos., Bell. 5, 201, Vi. 118 ἔ. τῆς κώμης; TestZeb 3:6) ἔ. τῆς πόλεως (Aeneas Tact. 951; TestJob 24:1) Rv 14:20. ἡ αὐλὴ ἡ ἔ. τοῦ ναοῦ the court outside the temple 11:2a. οὐθὲν ἔ. ἐστιν τῆς ἀληθείας nothing is apart fr. the truth Hv 3, 4, 3.

ⓑ as contrast to ἔσωθεν (Aeneas Tact. 1331; Diocles 141 p. 178, 13; Gen 6:14; Ex 25:11 al.; PGM 5, 307; Just., A I, 16, 13 and D. 35, 3 [cp. Mt 7:15]; Tat. 22, 1; Ath. 25, 3) Mt 23:27f; 2 Cor 7:5; Rv 5:1 v.l. (Plut., Dio 972 [31, 2] μία [sc. ἐπιστολή] δʼ ἦν ἐπιγεγραμμένη); IRo 3:2; Agr 25b.

③ pert. to a position located on a surface, having to do w. the outside, the external, as substitute for an adj. (Demosth. 18, 9 οἱ ἔ. λόγοι; 4 Macc 6:34; 18:2; Jos., Ant. 14, 477) ὁ ἔ. κόσμος external adornment 1 Pt 3:3; ἡ ἔ. ἐπιφάνεια the outer surface of the eyes of Judas, which were obscured by his swollen features Papias (3:2).—As subst. w. art. τὸ ἔξωθεν the outside (SIG 813a, 6; Ezk 41:17) Mt 23:25; Lk 11:39f.

④ pert. to a position outside an area or limits as result of an action, outward, out ἔκβαλε ἔ. throw out= leave out (ἐκβάλλω 4) Rv 11:2b.

⑤ pert. to noninclusion in a group, on the outside, as subst. w. art. οἱ ἔ. those on the outside i.e. non-Christians 1 Ti 3:7; Mk 4:11 v.l. (cp. Hdt. 9, 5; Diod S 19, 70, 3; Himerius, Or. [Ecl.] 5, 18; Celsus 3, 14; Jos., Bell. 4, 179, Ant. 15, 316).—M-M.

εἰμί (

A sum), [dialect] Aeol. [full] ἔμμι Sapph.2.15, Theoc.20.32; Cret. [full] ἠμί GDI 4959a; [ per.] 2sg. εἶ, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion.

εἰς Od.17.388

, al., [dialect] Aeol. ἔσσι, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Dor.

ἐσσί Il.1.176

, Pi.O.6.90, Sophr.134;

ἐσί GDI4959a

; [ per.] 3sg. ἐστί, [dialect] Dor.

ἐντί IG12(1).677

([place name] Rhodes), Theoc.1.17, etc.; [ per.] 3 dual

ἐστόν Th.3.112

; [ per.] 1pl. ἐσμέν, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. εἰμέν (also in Pi.P.3.60),

ἐμέν Call.Fr. 294

, [dialect] Dor.

εἰμές Theoc.15.73

, but

ἠμέν GDI5178.34

; [ per.] 3pl. εἰσί ([etym.] - ίν), [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. ἔασι ([etym.] - ιν) Il.7.73, Xenoph.8.1, Antim.29, Herod.4.84, [dialect] Dor.

ἐντί Pi.N.1.24

, Theoc.11.45, IG9(1).32.22 ([place name] Phocis), etc.: imper. ἴσθι (

ἔσθι Hecat.361

J.), [dialect] Ep. and Lyr. also in [voice] Med. form

ἔσσο Od.3.200

, Sapph.1.28, Maced.Pae.31, late Prose

ἔσο Plu.2.241d

, M.Ant.3.5, Hld.5.12, Porph.Marc.34; [ per.] 3sg. ἔστω (

ἤτω LXXPs.103.31

, and late Inscrr., CIG2664, al.; but in Pl.R. 361c leg. ἴτω), [dialect] Dor. εἴτω, ἤτω, Heraclid. ap. Eust.1411.21, Elean

ἤστω Schwyzer 424

; [ per.] 3pl. ἔστωσαν, but

ἔστων Hom.

, Pl.R. 502a,

ὄντων Id.Lg. 879b

, and early [dialect] Att. Inscrr., IG12.22, etc. ( ἔστωσαν first in ii B. C., ib.22.1328), [dialect] Dor. ἐόντων ib.1126: subj. ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, [dialect] Ep.

ἔω Od.9.18

; [ per.] 3sg.

ἔῃ Il.12.300

,al. (also

ἔῃσι 2.366

, al., ᾖσι ([etym.] ν) 19.202, Hes.Op. 294), also [dialect] Boeot.

ἔνθω IG7.3172.165

,

μετείω Il.23.47

and perh.

εἴῃ 9.245

, etc.; [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 3pl.

ὦντι SIG940.3

([place name] Crete),

ἔωντι GDI5040.14

([place name] Hierapytna), [dialect] Boeot.

ἴωνθι IG7.3171.46

(iii B. C.): opt. εἴην, -ης (

εἴησθα Thgn.715

), -η, also ἔοις, ἔοι, Il.9.284, 142, al., cf. Hdt.7.6; [ per.] 3pl.

εἴοισαν Ἀρχ. Ἐφ. 1911.133

([place name] Gonni); [ per.] 3 dual

εἴτην Pl. Prm. 149e

, Sph. 243e; [ per.] 1pl.

εἶμεν E.Alc. 921

(lyr.), Pl.; [ per.] 2pl.

εἶτε Od. 21.195

; [ per.] 3pl.

εἶεν Il.2.372

, etc.,

εἴησαν Hdt.1.2

, etc.; Elean ἔα, = εἴη, SIG9 (vi B. C.), and σύν-εαν, = συνεῖεν, GDI 1149 (vi B. C.): inf. εἶναι, Arc.

ἦναι SIG306.9

(Tegea, iv B. C.); [dialect] Ep. ἔμμεναι (also [dialect] Aeol.

ἔμμεν' Sapph.34

), ἔμμεν (also Pi.P.6.42, S.Ant. 623 (lyr.)), ἔμεναι, ἔμεν, also

ἔμειν SIG1166

([place name] Dodona); [dialect] Dor. εἶμεν Foed. ap. Th.5.77,79, IG7.1.7 ([place name] Megara),

ἦμεν Test.Epict.5.16

, Tab.Heracl.1.75, Cret. ἦμεν or

ἤμην Leg.Gort.1.15

, al., GDI4998i 2, al., Megar.

εἴμεναι Ar.Ach. 775

,

εἴμειν IG12(1).155.100

([place name] Rhodes), 14.952 ([place name] Agrigentum); εἶν ib. 12(9).211.10 ([place name] Eretria), SIG135.4 ([place name] Olynthus), etc.: part. ὤν, [dialect] Ep. ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν, Cypr.

ἰών Inscr.Cypr.135.23

H.; [dialect] Boeot. fem.

ἰῶσα IG 7.3172.116

(Orchom.), [dialect] Aeol. and [dialect] Dor. fem.

ἔσσα Sapph.75.4

, IG4.952.2 (Epid.), Theoc.28.16,

ἐοῖσα Pi.P.4.265

,

ἔασσα Lyr.Alex.Adesp. 9

, Diotog. ap. Stob.4.7.62,

εὖσα Erinn.5.5

(also [dialect] Ion., Herod.5.16,

εὔντων 2.85

),

ἐᾶσα Ti.Locr.96d

, IG5(1).1470.8 ([place name] Messene),

ἴαττα Leg.Gort.8.47

; acc. sg.

εὖντα Theoc.2.3

; nom. sg. εἴς in Heraclid. ap. Eust.1756.13, pl.

ἔντες Tab.Heracl.1.117

; dat. pl. ἔντασσι ib.104; gen. pl.

παρ-έντων Alcm. 64

: [tense] impf.

ἦν Il.2.77

, etc., [dialect] Ep. ἔον (also [dialect] Aeol., Alc.127, Sapph.Oxy. 1787 Fr.3 ii 21), in [dialect] Att. ἦ (dub. in [dialect] Aeol., Alc. Supp.14.9), Ar.Pl.77, Pl.Phd. 61b, etc., but usu. altered to ἦν in codd. (and ἦν is required by metre in E. Ion 280), [var] contr. from [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. ἦα (Il.5.808, al., IG12(8).449.2 ([place name] Thasos), whence Hom.and later [dialect] Ion.

ἔᾱ Il.4.321

, al.,

ἔας Hdt.1.187

,

ἔατε Id.4.119

); [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg. ἦεν, always with ν in Hom.; ἔην as [ per.] 1sg., only Il.11.762 (s. v.l., al. ἔον), freq. as [ per.] 3sg. (generally before a consonant, so that ἔεν is possible), sts. also ἤην; [ per.] 2sg. ἦσθα, later ἦς (wh. is v.l. in Pi.I.1.26), sts. in LXX (Jd. 11.35, Ru.3.2,al.), cf. Pl.Ax. 365e, Erinn.4.4, Ev.Matt.25.21, al.,

ἦσθας Men.Epit. 156

, [dialect] Ep. ἔησθα; [ per.] 3sg. ἦν, [dialect] Ep. ἔην, ἤην, ἦεν (v. supr.), [dialect] Dor. and [dialect] Aeol.

ἦς Alc.Supp.30.1

, Epich.102, Sophr.59, Theoc.2.90, SIG241.145 (Delph.); [ per.] 3 dual

ἤστην Il.5.10

, E.Hipp. 387, Ar.Eq. 982, Pl.Euthd. 272a, al.; [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 1pl.

ἦμες Plu.Lyc.21

; [ per.] 2pl.

ἦτε Pl.Euthd. 276c

,

ἦστε Ar. Pax 821

, Ec. 1086; [ per.] 3pl. ἦσαν, [dialect] Ion. and Poet. ἔσαν (in Hes.Th. 321, 825, ἦν is not pl. for ἦσαν, but is rather a peculiarity of syntax, v. infr. v, but is [ per.] 3pl. in Epich.46, al., SIG560.15 (Epidamnus, iii B. C.)); [dialect] Aeol.

ἔον Schwyzer 644.12

; later

ἤμην PSI4.362.21

(iii B. C.), SIG527.46 (Crete, iii B. C.), IGRom.4.1740 ([place name] Cyme), always in LXX as Ba.1.19, cf. Ev.Matt.23.30, Plu.2.174a, etc., and sts. in codd. of earlier writers, Lys.7.34, Trag.Adesp. 124 (cited from E. Hel. 931 by Choerob. and from Id.Tr. 474 by Aps.), X.Cyr.6.1.9, Hyp.Ath.26, [ per.] 2sg.

ἦσο Epigr.Gr.379

([place name] Aezani), [ per.] 3sg.

ἦστο Supp.Epigr. 1.455.7

([place name] Phrygia), [ per.] 1pl.

ἤμεθα PPetr.2p.11

(iii B. C.), LXX Ba.1.19, 1 Ki.25.16, Ep.Eph.2.3; subj.

ὦμαι PBaden 48.12

(ii B. C.), ἦται GDI 1696, ἦνται prob. in IG5(1).1390.83 ([place name] Andania); [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. also ἔσκον, used by A.Pers. 656 (lyr.): [tense] fut. ἔσομαι, ἔσται, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Aeol. also ἔσσομαι, ἔσεται, ἔσσεται; [dialect] Aeol. [ per.] 2sg. ἔσσῃ prob. in Alc.67,87; [dialect] Dor. 2 and [ per.] 3sg. ἐσσῇ, ἐσσεῖται, Il.2.393, 13.317, Theoc.10.5, [ per.] 3pl. ἐσσοῦνται Foed. ap. Th.5.77 codd. (but

ἔσσονται Tab.Heracl.1.113

), inf.

ἐσσεῖσθαι Sophr.57

.—All forms of the [tense] pres.ind. are enclitic (exc. [ per.] 2sg. εἶ and [ per.] 3pl. ἔασι); but [ per.] 3sg. is written ἔστι when it begins a sentence or verse, or when it immediately follows οὐκ, καί, εἰ, ὡς, ἀλλά, or τοῦτ', Hdn.Gr.1.553 (also μή acc. to EM301.3); later Gramm. wrote ἔστι as Subst. Verb, Phot., Eust.880.22.

A as the Subst. Verb,

I of persons, exist,

οὐκ ἔσθ' οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὐδ' ἔσσεται Od.16.437

; ἔτ' εἰσί they are still in being, 15.433, cf. S.Ph. 445, etc.;

τεθνηῶτος.. μηδ' ἔτ' ἐόντος Od.1.289

; οὐκέτ' ἐστί he is no more, E.Hipp. 1162; οὐδὲ δὴν ἦν he was not long- lived, Il.6.131; ὁ οὐκ ὤν, οἱ οὐκ ὄντες, of those who are no more, Th.2.45,44; οἱ ὄντες the living, Plb.9.29.2; ὁ ὤν the Eternal, LXX Ex.3.14, al., Ph.1.289;

θεοὶ αἰὲν ἐόντες Il.1.290

; ἐσσόμενοι posterity, 2.119;

κἀγὼ γὰρ ἦ ποτ', ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐκ εἴμ' ἔτι E.Hec. 284

; ὡς ἂν εἶεν ἅνθρωποι might continue in being, Pl.Smp. 190c;

ζώντων καὶ ὄντων Ἀθηναίων D.18.72

, cf. Arist.GC 318b25; of things, εἰ ἔστι ἀληθέως [ἡ τράπεζα] Hdt.3.17, etc.; of cities,

ὄλωλεν, οὐδ' ἔτ' ἐστὶ Τροία E.Tr. 1292

, cf. Heracl. 491; δοκεῖ μοι Καρχηδόνα μὴ εἶναι censeo Carthaginem esse delendam, Plu.Cat.Ma.27; ἂν ᾖ τὸ στράτευμα be in existence, D.8.17; of money, to be in hand,

τῶν ὄντων χρημάτων καὶ τῶν προσιόντων IG12.91.25

; τὰ ὄντα property, Pl.Grg. 511a, Plu.Ant.24, etc.; τὸ ἐσόμενον ἐκ .. future revenue from.., BCH46.420 (Olymos, i B. C.); of place, τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν the local church, Act.Ap.13.1; of time, τοῦ ὄντος μηνός in the current month, BGU146.4, etc.; in office,

ἱερέων τῶν ὄντων PPar.5.4

(ii B. C.); αἱ οὖσαι [ἐξουσίαι] the powers that be, Ep. Rom.13.1.

II of the real world, be, opp. become,

γίγνεται πάντα ἃ δή φαμεν εἶναι Pl.Tht. 152d

, etc.; τὸ ὄν Being, Parm.8.35, Protag.2, Pl.Ti. 27d, etc.; opp. τὸ μὴ ὄν, Gorg.Fr.3 D., etc.;

οὐδὲν γίνεται ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος Epicur.Ep. 1p.5U.

;

ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων ἐποίησεν αὐτὰ ὁ θεός LXX 2 Ma.7.28

; τὰ ὄντα the world of things, Heraclit.7, Emp.129.5, etc.; ὄνindecl., τῶν ὂν εἰδῶν species of Being, Plot.6.2.10.

2 of circumstances, events, etc., to happen,

τά τ' ἐόντα, τά τ' ἐσσόμενα, πρό τ' ἐόντα Il.1.70

;

ἡ ἐσβολὴ ἔμελλεν ἔσεσθαι Th.2.13

, etc.; τῆς προδοσίας οὔσης since treachery was there, Id.4.103; ἕως ἂν ὁ πόλεμος ᾖ so long as it last, Id.1.58;

αἱ σπονδαὶ ἐνιαυτὸν ἔσονται Id.4.118

; τί ἐστιν; what is it? what's the matter? Ar.Th. 193; τί οὖν ἦν τοῦτο; how came it to pass? Pl.Phd. 58a: repeated with a relat. to avoid a positive assertion, ἔστι δ' ὅπῃ νῦν ἔ. things are as they are, i.e. are ill, A.Ag.67.

III be the fact or the case, διπλασίαν ἂν τὴν δύναμιν εἰκάζεσθαι ἤ ἐστιν twice as large as it really is, Th.1.10; αὐτὸ ὅ ἐστι καλόν beauty in its essence, Pl.Smp. 211c, cf. Phd. 74b; freq. in part., τὸν ἐόντα λόγον λέγειν or φαίνειν the true story, Hdt.1.95, 116; τῷ ἐόντι χρήσασθαι tell the truth, ib. 30;

τὰ ὄντα ἀπαγγέλλειν Th.7.8

; σκῆψιν οὐκ οὖσαν, λόγον οὐκ ὄντα, S.El. 584, Ar.Ra. 1052; τῷ ὄντι in reality, in fact, Pl.Prt. 328d, etc.; to apply a quotation to a case in point, τῷ ὄντι κλαυσίγελως real 'smiles through tears' (with allusion to Il.6.484), X.HG7.2.9, cf. Pl. La. 196d; κατὰ τὸ ἐόν according to the fact, rightly, Hdt.1.97; πᾶν τὸ ἐόν the whole truth, Id.9.11;

τοῦ ἐόντος ἀποτεύξεται Hp.VM 2

.

IV folld. by the relat., οὐκ ἔστιν ὅς or ὅστις no one,

οὐκ ἔσθ' ὃς.. ἀπαλάλκοι Il.22.348

;

οὐκ ἔ. οὐδεὶς ὅς E.El. 903

; οὐκ ἔ. ὅτῳ, = οὐδενί, A.Pr. 293 (anap.), cf. 989: freq. in pl., εἰσὶν οἵ, = Lat. sunt qui, used exactly like ἔνιοι, Th.6.88, 7.44, Pl.Men. 77d, Grg. 503a, etc. ( εἰσί τινες οἵ .. Th.3.24); ἐστὶν ἃ χωρία, πολίσματα, Id.1.12,65;

ἐστὶν ἃ εἰπεῖν Id.2.67

;

ἦσαν οἵ X.An.5.2.14

; the sg. Verb is used even with masc. and fem. pl., ἐστὶν οἵ, αἵ, Hp.Fract.1, VC4, X.Cyr.2.3.16; more freq. in oblique cases,

ποταμῶν ἐστὶ ὧν Hdt.7.187

;

ἐστὶν ἀφ' ὧν Th.8.65

; ἐστὶ παρ' οἷς, ἐστὶν ἐν οἷς, Id.1.23, 5.25: in questions ὅστις is used, ἔστιν ἥντινα δόξαν.. ἀπεκρίνατο; Pl.Men. 85b: with relat. Particles, ἐστὶν ἔνθα, = Lat. est ubi, X.Cyr.7.4.15, etc.; ἐ. ὅπῃ, ἔσθ' ὅπου, somehow, somewhere, Pl.Prt. 331d, A.Eu. 517, S.OT 448, etc.; in questions expecting a neg. answer, ἐ. ὁπόθεν, ὅπως; Pl.Phlb. 35a, R. 493e, etc.;

οὐ γάρ ἐσθ' ὅπως Pi.Fr.61

, cf. Hdt.7.102, A.Ag. 620; οὐκ ἔ. ὅπως οὐ in any case, necessarily, Ar. Pax 188;

οὐκ ἔ. ὡς Pl. Men. 76e

, etc.; ἐ. ὅτε, ἔσθ' ὅτε, sometimes, Pi.Fr.180.2, S.Aj.56, Th. 7.21, etc.